biology unit 6

• Trait


  A characteristic that is passed from parents to offspring
• A parent acquires a trait


  The child can get it
• Dominant allele


  The allele from the parent that is used for fertilization and received by the offspring
• Gorillas evolved


  About 8 million years ago
• Gorillas evolved


  About the same time as humans
• Lampreys and land vertebrates


  Most closely related
• Scientific names


  Written in Latin
• Binomial Nomenclature


  The system for naming organisms in which two words are used
• Directional selection


  When a trait is favoured due to environmental changes
• Stabilizing selection


  When intermediate traits are favoured
• Disruptive selection


  When extreme traits are favoured over intermediate traits
• Oxygen was not present in the early atmosphere
• Miller-Urey's experiment


  Modelled the conditions of primitive/early earth
• Phylogeny


  The evolutionary history of an organism or species
• Genus


  Capital letter
• Plantae


  Kingdom with most multicellular organisms, nucleus, and autotrophs that carry on photosynthesis
• Paradisiaca


  The species a banana is a part of
• Biological hierarchy from domain to species

  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
• Multicellular or Unicellular


  Multicellular occurred first in evolutionary history
• Natural selection


  Organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that aided their success. This process causes species to change and diverge over time.
• Vestigial structure


  Anatomical structures that still appear but are no longer used, suggesting they may have existed in an ancestor
• Vestigial structures


  • Tailbone
  • Wisdom teeth
  • Appendix
• Determining fossil age


  Measuring the amount of a specific radioactive isotope in the fossil bones
• Natural selection could not occur without variation in species
• Coevolution


  The evolution of two interdependent species, such as plants and pollinators
• Organisms without lungs


  • Shark
  • Lizard
  • Salamander
• Cytochrome c amino acid differences

  Indicates species are farther in relation
• Common ancestor for D and E

  • 3
• Scientists and descriptions


  • Darwin - Considered the "Father of Evolution", formed ideas of evolution and natural selection
  • Lamarck - Individuals acquire traits during their lifetime and pass onto offspring
  • Linnaeus - Devised the 7 level taxon system for classifying and naming organisms
  • Aristotle - The first to classify organisms into two groups
• Hymenoptera


  The organism identified using the dichotomous key
• Types of selection


  • Directional
  • Stabilizing
  • Disruptive
• Homologous structure


  Similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions
• Survival depended on it

  Why some plant species developed resistance to pesticides
• Immune system responses


  • Mucous - Traps pathogens
  • B-cells - Make antibodies and remember diseases
  • Macrophage - Amoeba-like, takes in and destroys pathogens
  • T-cells - Trigger immune response
• Organisms that share similar structures is evidence they share a common ancestor
• Domains and kingdoms


  • Eubacteria - Bacteria
  • Archaebacteria - Archaea
  • Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia - Eukarya