Nutrition

• Nutrition


  Any substance required for growth and maintenance of an organism
• Food and nutrition can't be used interchangeably
• There are foods that don't give the body its proper need (i.e. junk foods)
• Autotrophs (producers)


  Organisms that are able to make their own food
• Autotrophs


  • "auto" – machine, self; work on its own
  • "trophs" – produce, synthesize, manufacture
• Autotrophs


  • Obtain energy from sunlight and chemicals
  • PLANTS AND CHEMOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA
• Photoautotrophs


  Organisms that get their food from solar energy
• Photosynthesis


  Process where organisms produce their own food using sunlight as an energy source
• Photoautotrophs


  • Utilize photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds
  • Contain chlorophyll or similar pigments to capture sunlight
  • Found in various ecosystems, including terrestrial and aquatic environments
  • Play a crucial role in the food chain by producing organic matter for heterotrophic organisms
  • Examples: Plants, Algae, Cyanobacteria
• Chemoautotrophs


  Organisms that get their food from chemicals, specifically the oxidation of chemicals
• Chemosynthesis


  Process where organisms obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic compounds
• Chemoautotrophs


  • Often found in extreme environments such as hydrothermal vents, hot springs, and deep-sea environments
  • Independent of sunlight for energy production
  • Key players in biogeochemical cycles, such as nitrogen and sulfur cycles
  • Examples: Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria
• Heterotrophs (consumers)


  Organisms that get their food and energy from other organisms
• Hetero


  Other, different, varied
• Heterotrophs


  • FUNGI
  • ANIMALS
• Saprotrophs


  • Feeds on NON-LIVING by secreting digestive enzymes and absorbing the products
  • Organisms that obtain nutrients by decomposing organic matter
  • Play a crucial role in recycling nutrients in ecosystems by breaking down dead organic material
  • Often found in soil, decaying wood, and other organic-rich environments
  • Secrete enzymes to break down complex organic molecules into simpler forms
  • Essential for nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition
• Saprotrophs


  • Fungi: Aspergillus, Penicillium
  • Bacteria: Bacillus, Clostridium
  • Some protists and insects
• Sapro - decay or putrefaction
• Detritivores

  Organisms that consume and break down detritus, which is dead organic matter such as leaf litter, feces, and decaying plant material
• Detritus

  Dead organic matter
• Detritivores

  • Earthworm
  • Woodlice (sow bugs)
  • Dung beetles
  • Some species of flies and nematodes
• Detritivores

  • Play a crucial role in the decomposition and recycling of organic material in ecosystems
  • Typically found in soil, sediment, and other organic-rich environments
  • Consume detritus directly or ingest it for digestion through specialized feeding structures
  • Help in nutrient cycling and soil enrichment
• Holozoic Nutrition


  A type of nutrition where organisms ingest whole food particles and then digest them internally
• Holozoic Nutrition


  • Ingest (solid organic matter)
  • Digest
  • Absorbed
• Holozoic Nutrition


  • Humans
  • Animals
  • Insectivorous plants
• Holozoic Nutrition is characterized by the ingestion of solid food followed by intracellular digestion
• Holozoic Nutrition is common in animals, including humans, as well as some protists and certain types of fungi
• Holozoic Nutrition


  1. Ingestion of food through the mouth

  2. Digestion in the stomach and intestines

  3. Absorption of nutrients in the small intestine
• Holozoic Nutrition in Amoeba

  1. Engulfs food particles through phagocytosis

  2. Forms food vacuoles

  3. Digests them internally
• Holozoic Nutrition in Tapeworm

  Absorbs nutrients through its body surface after attaching to the host's intestine
• Saprophytism


  A type of nutrition where organisms obtain nutrients by absorbing dissolved organic matter from dead or decaying organic material
• Saprophytism


  • Feed on decaying matter
  • Digests the food externally
  • Absorption
• Saprophytism


  • Fungi
  • Certain bacteria
  • Some protists
• Saprophytism


  1. Secretion of enzymes to break down complex organic molecules into simpler forms outside the organism's body

  2. Absorption of nutrients directly through the organism's body
• Parasitism


  • Obtain nutrients from living organism
  • Obtain it from living on or living in the body of its host
• Parasites


  • fleas
  • lice
  • tapeworm
• Ectoparasite


  Live on
• Endoparasite


  Live in
• Parasitism


  • A type of symbiotic relationship where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of another organism, the host
  • Parasites derive nutrients and other resources from the host organism, often causing harm or detriment to the host in the process
  • Parasites can be classified as ectoparasites (living on the surface of the host) or endoparasites (living inside the host's body)
  • They may have specialized structures or adaptations for attachment, feeding, and reproduction on or within the host
  • Parasitism can range from mild symbiosis to severe pathogenic interactions, depending on the parasite-host relationship
• Plant nutrition requirements


  • H2O
  • CO2
  • Essential macro and micronutrients