schaffer + emerson

• method


  glasgow - 60 babies - 31 male, 29 female.

  mothers asked about how babies react when separated.

  observations and interviews.

  measured infants attachments and response to unfamiliar adults.
• stages

  1. asocial - 0-8 weeks. same towards human and objects.
  2. indiscriminate - 2-7 months - more social. attach to anything.
  3. specific - 7-12 months. one attachment = mother
  4. multiple - 12-24 months. family.
• good external val


  in homes. natural setting. high eco val = reliable
• ethnocentric


  glasgow. cultural differences in parenting.
• small sample


  60 - lacks generalisability
• longitudinal


  2 years. drop out
• ethics


  psych harm when separated - stress. not replicable