GEOL 1 CHAPTER 11

• • CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES - It has been an historical preoccupation of civil engineering
• • CANALS - Master builders throughout the ages have always recognized the need to extend inland waterways and to penetrate narrow land barriers between seas.
• • DIOCLOS - A PAVED ROADWAY UPON WHICH VESSELS COULD BE PORTAGED FROM THE GULF OF CORINTH TO THE SARONIC GULF.
• • THE PANAMA CANAL - ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT WATERWAYS OF THE WORLD.
• • CUCARACHA FORMATION - WITH A FINE-GRAINED SANDY CLAY, STRUCTURALLY WEAK, AND RESPONSIBLE FOR REPEATED FAILURE OF THE MOST SLIDES THAT INTERFERED SO SERIOUSLY WITH CANAL CONSTRUCTION.
• • THE ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY - OTHER MAJOR NORTH AMERICAN SHIP CANAL BUILT AFTER THE PANAMA CANAL.
• • THE WELLAND CANAL - IS THE FOURTH CANAL TO BYPASS NIAGARA FALLS.
• • CANAL LOCKS - LOCK FOUNDATIONS ARE OF PARTICULAR INTEREST BECAUSE OF THE VARYING HYDROSTATIC CONDITIONS TO WHICH THE COMPLETED STRUCTURES WILL BE SUBJECTED.
• • EUROPEAN CANALS - EXTENSIVE USE OF INLAND WATER NAVIGATION IN EUROPE THAT BEGAN IN RHINE AND OTHER MAJOR RIVERS HAS EXTENDED TO ALL MANNER OF INTERRIVER WATERWAYS.
• • THE ALBERT CANAL - A MASTERPIECE OF BELGIUM ENGINEERING, JUST COMPLETED BEFORE WORLD WAR II AND BECOME A VITAL FACTOR IN SOME OF THE WAR'S MOST CRUCIAL FIGHTING.
• • ROADS - THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND UTILIZATION ARE DEEPLY IN THE GRAND ROADWAYS OR THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
• • ROMAN ROAD BUILDING - ALWAYS CARRIED OUT WITH INTUITIVE GEOLOGICAL APPRECIATION.
• • ROAD LOCATION - WAS A MATTER OF ADAPTING OLDER PATHWAYS THAT HAD BEEN FORMED BY PRIMITIVE PRACTICE.
• • ROUTE LOCATION
  • CHOICE OF ROAD SELECTION AND BEARING SURFACE - TWO MAIN PROBLEMS TO BE FACED IN THE DESIGN AND LAND CONSTRUCTION OF BOTH ROADS AND RAILWAYS.
• • CLIMATE - ROADS ALWAYS INVOLVE DISTURBANCE OF NATURAL GROUND SURFACES AND, AS SUCH, THEY ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE TO THE VAGARIES OF THE WEATHER.
• • DRAINAGE - IS ONE OF THE SUPREME IMPORTANCE IN ALL HIGHWAY WORK; WATERLOGGING RUINS SUBGRADES.
• • ROAD-MAKING MATERIALS - ALMOST USED IN THEIR NATURAL STATE (CEMENT BEING THE MAIN EXCEPTION), AND SO GEOLOGIC INFLUENCES ARE IMPORTANT.
• • CONSTRUCTION METHODS - SHOULD INCORPORATE GEOLOGICAL INFORMATION, A PRACTICE WHICH IS ALWAYS HELPFUL, SOMETIMES IMPERATIVE, AND OCCASIONALLY CRITICAL.
• • LANDSLIDE - ONE OF THE MOST WIDESPREAD HAZARDS TO BE ENCOUNTERED IN ROAD DESIGN.
• • RAILWAYS - PLAYS A VITAL PART IN LAND TRANSPORTATION, EVEN THOUGH THE AVERAGE CITIZEN MAY HAVE LOST SIGHT OF THIS BECAUSE OF THE ALL-PERVADING ATTACHMENT TO THE AUTOMOBILE FOR THE PERSONAL TRAVEL.
• • MAINTENANCE OF WAY - THIS OLD TERM IS USED ON MANY RAILWAYS AND THE 'ENGINEER OF MAINTENANCE OF WAY' IS RESPONSIBLE OF THE SAFE FUNCTIONING OF ALL MANNER OF RAIL FACILITIES.
• • ROCKFALLS - ADJACENT TO STEEP ROCK FACES ARE SPECIAL HAZARD IN TRACK MAINTENANCE.