AP world

• East Asia - Song Dynasty

  • Ruled using neo-Confucianism and the civil service exam
  • Buddhism remained the main belief system
  • Had plenty of food from Champa rice
• Islamic world - Caliphate system

  • Fell to the Mongols
  • Turkey established sultanates or Islamic kingdoms
  • Contributions to math, science, medicine, and nearly every intellectual category
• South and Southeast Asia

  • Affected by Buddhism and Hinduism
  • Sufism, a mystical branch of Islam, attracted many converts
• Americas - Inca and Aztec Empires

  • Inca centralized power through their road system and the mit'a labor system
  • Aztec centralized power through their human sacrifice system
  • Had Chinampas, or lake farms
• Africa


  • Mali and the trans-Saharan trade
  • Great Zimbabwe and the Swahili coast
• Europe


  • Feudalism, with serfs working on manors in a decentralized system of government
• Silk Road


  • Connected East and West
  • Powerful trading cities like Samarkand emerged
  • Luxury goods like silk and porcelain were traded
• Indian Ocean trade


  • Maritime version of the Silk Road
  • Luxury goods, technology, and ideas were exchanged
  • Diasporas of people living away from their homelands
  • Admiral Zheng He made voyages
• Trans-Saharan trade


  • Connected Dar al-Islam to sub-Saharan Africa
  • Brought trade like salt and gold, as well as Islam and travelers like Ibn Battuta
• Trade led to the spread of things like religions, diseases, and technologies
• The Mongols helped expedite the exchange of ideas, technologies, and diseases across Eurasia
• Manchus


  • Invaded China from the north and established the final Chinese empire
  • Maintained Confucianism, civil service exam, and dynastic system
  • Required the queue hairstyle as a sign of loyalty
• Ottomans


  • Took Constantinople in 1453 and renamed it Istanbul
  • Used the devşirme system to build their army, bureaucracy, and intellectuals
  • Practiced tax farming by selling tax collection rights
• Mughals


  • Islamic group ruling over a Hindu majority in India
  • Akbar the Great promoted religious tolerance
• Safavids


  • Shia Muslim empire, wedged between Sunni rivals the Ottomans and Mughals
• The European Protestant Reformation and the new religion of Sikhism also emerged in this period
• Portuguese Empire


  • First to find a sea route around Africa
  • Established trading posts and the transatlantic slave trade
• Spanish Empire


  • Defeated the Aztecs and Incas
  • Established viceroyalties and the encomienda system in the Americas
  • Spread Catholicism with figures like Bartolomé de las Casas
• Trading post empires


  • Established small trading posts rather than taking over large territories
  • Used joint-stock companies like the British East India Company and Dutch VOC
• The Columbian Exchange led to the exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western hemispheres
• There was resistance to European expansion from groups like the Marathas in India and the Cossacks in Russia
• Social systems like the casta system, banner system, and millet system were impacted by European expansion
• Political Revolutions


  • Rooted in Enlightenment ideas about natural rights
  • American Revolution, French Revolution, Haitian Revolution, Latin American revolutions
  • Rise of nationalism
• Industrial Revolution


  • Started in Britain due to access to resources, capital, and urban areas
  • Spread to US and Europe
  • Involved the factory system and technologies like the steam engine and internal combustion engine
  • Led to a decline in Asian production as European factories became more competitive
• Some governments, like the Meiji Restoration in Japan, sought to implement industrialization on their own
• Industrial Revolution


  The transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840, which occurred first in Britain and then spread to other parts of the world
• Industrial Revolution


  • Originated in Great Britain due to the right mix of access to resources, capital, and urban areas
  • Spread to the United States and Europe after about 50 years
• Factory system


  Workers come to a factory where they mass produce things for sale
• James Watt's steam engine


  • Improved the factory system by providing a movable power source that could power machines, boats, trains, etc.
• The Industrial Revolution led to a decline in production in Asia as European factories were a growing competitor on the global market
• Meiji Restoration


  A successful attempt by the Japanese government to implement the Industrial Revolution
• Cell Strengthening Movement


  An unsuccessful attempt by the Qing government in China to implement the Industrial Revolution
• Muhammad Ali


  Capitalized on global demands for cotton by nationalizing Egypt's cotton industry and restructuring their economy
• Adam Smith


  His works and the ideas of capitalism contributed to the growth of the Industrial Revolution
• Mercantilism


  The economic system that was replaced by laissez-faire policies during the Industrial Revolution
• The Industrial Revolution gave rise to new transnational businesses like Unilever and HSBC
• The Industrial Revolution led to social upheaval, with women pushing for equality and a new working class emerging
• Karl Marx


  Envisioned a world where the worker rose up and seized the means of production
• Imperialism


  The policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force
• Excuses for imperialism


  Racist policies, religious civilizing missions, ideas like social Darwinism