Geog paper 2

• Geography Paper 2: The main focus of this paper is on the human

  features of the country.
• Bristol is an example of a major city and urban regeneration.
• Bristol is popular for tourism being the UK’s 8th most popular city for tourists.
• Bristol Transport- Good road and rail links, 2 major docks, Bristol airport links to USA and Europe.
• Impact of migration in Bristol- Opportunity-Enriching city with cultural aspects. Challenge-Bristol is very expensive for housing rental/purchase.
• Bristol: 2 million people live within 50km of city.
• Bristol Cabot Circus 2008-

  • £500 million investment.
  • Shops and leisure facilities.
  • Offices/cinema/hotel/250 apartments.
• Bristol Harbourside-

  • Workhouses and warehouses converted to bars and cultural venues.
  • art gallery/museum/At-Bristok science centre.
  • 300000 spectators.
• Closure of Bristol port-Tertiary.

  • created employment and jobs.
  • 2 universities for education.
• Bristol Environmental Change Network (BECON) is a network of researchers and practitioners who work together to understand and manage environmental change in the Bristol area.
• Bristol changes to environment:

  • caused awarded status of European Green Capital 2015.
  • Improve energy efficiency-reduce energy use by 30% and co2 emissions by 40%.
  • Increase use of Brownfield sites.
  • reduce water pollution.
• Results of Urban change in Bristol and opportunities granted:

  • Urban greening-1/3+of Bristol is open space.
  • 8 nature reserves and 300 parks.
  • cycle routes replace dual carriageway in Queens square.
• Filwood,Bristol.

  • housing- poorly insulated.
  • health-life expectancy 78/cancer death rates above average/low participation to sports.
  • 1/3 of people aged 16-24 unemployed.
  • education-36% got top grades at GCSEs in 2013.
• Harbourside- Brownfield land.

  replaced Bristol port.

  Not everyone happy with architecture and renovation costly so flats are expensive.
• Freiburg, Germany:

  • recycling more than 88% of waste.
  • provided energy for 28000 homes from burning non recyclable waste.
  • 10000 employed in 1500 environmental businesses in city.
  • Solar Technology used for economic planning.
  • Locals invest in renewable energy sources.
  • Water conservation-rainwater seepinto ground using pervious pavements.
• Freiburg is strict on energy conservation and uses solar power due to it being well sunny in Germany.
• Freiburg has an integrated traffic plan.

  400km cycle paths.

  Restrictions on car parking spaces.
• need:

  GNI

  HDX

  literacy rate

  death rate/infant mortality
• Reducing development gap:

  • TNCs invest money in LICs/ Provide aid.
• Fair trade- farmer gets fair price and all money from sale of crop.

  Farming done environmentally friendly.

  Stronger position of product on global market.

  part of price invested into local community development projects.
• Jamaicas development:

  Tourism-

  • contributed 24% to Jamaica’s GDP.
  • high level of investment on north coast.
  • tourism income is US$2billion each year and taxes go to development of country.
  • 200000 jobs provided due to tourism.
  • Montego Bay- wealthy jamaicans have high quality of life.
• Nigeria: a country on the coast of West Africa; population 182,200,000 (estimated 2015); languages, English (official), Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba, and others; capital, Abuja.
• Nigeria:

  • in 2014, was 21st largest economy in world.
  • supply’s 2.7% of worlds oil.
  • Fastest growing economy.
  • largest African population.
  • in colonial period Europeans exploited Africa’s resources and Nigeria only became independent in 1960.
  • Nollywood- second largest film industry in the world behind India.

  Tropical grassland(savanna) with high temp and high annual rainfall.
• Nigeria:

  • crude oil dominates Nigerias exports and accounts for 95% of earnings.
  • More balanced economy now.
  • Shell Oil in Niger Delta- provided 250000 jobs and provided employment for 65000 Nigerian workers.
  • shell oil- major contribution to taxes.
  • disadvantage's of shell oil:
  • oil spills caused water pollution and soil degradation damaging agriculture and fishing industries.
  • Oil flares send toxic fumes in air.
  • Oil theft cost TNCs and government billions every year.
• AID in Nigeria:

  2014 World Bank gave $500 million loan to fund development projects and give loans for businesses.

  Community care provides support for orphans.

  Aid from USA to prevent spread of HIV/AIDS.

  Nets for life provide education on malaria and distribute anti-mosquito nets- contributes to decrease in death rate.