18th and 19th centuries

• how the industrial revolution changed britain

  • towns and cities grew rapidly eg manchester as ppl moved to the cities for factory jobs
  • trade - links with the rest of the world improved and british ports became busy
  • transport - links improved eg road , canals and railway so it became easier to take raw material to factories and finished goods to the docks
  • agriculture- changed to ensure there was enough food produced
• changes to society bc of the industrial revolution

  • more ppl had the right to vote
  • laws passed by parliament showed gradual change to issues eg slavery
  • ppl had the freedom to express different opinions about the way society should be run
• how britains empire grew

  • despite america gaining independence in 1783 by the end of the 19th century
  • britains empire was vast: canada, new zealand, india and numerous countries in africa
  • transatlantic slave trade helped make britain extremely rich and powerful
• the impact of the growth of the british empire

  • empire was used as a source of raw materials and as a market to sell manufactured goods.
  • this destroyed local industries EG the indian cotton industry
• reasons why people migrated

  • Irish - Ireland suffered a terrible famine in 1840s and 1850s, which led to tens of thousands of Irish people migrating to England to get away from the poverty and starvation they faced in Ireland.
  • Migrants from British Empire - expansion of British Empire and new trading routes meant many people from around the empire migrated to Britain to find jobs. For example, the East India Company recruited sailors (lascars) from India, China, and Somalia to transport their goods to Britain. Many of these people stayed in Britain for a better life.
• more reasons why people migrated

  • Jews - came to join existing Jewish communities in Britain. Even though anti-Semitism still existed in Britain, it was more tolerant than other countries such as Russia.
  • Italians - Agriculture in Britain could make people more money than in Italy.

  Britain was less dangerous than Italy, which was at war and had many
• why germans migrated to britain

  Germans - Britain had greater freedom for political thinkers, such as Karl Marx, to express their ideas and opinions. Skilled workers could also make more money in Britain, and it was a more peaceful place to live than Germany, which was at war.
• experiences of migrant groups

  • Jewish - Supported by existing Jewish communities until they found jobs.

  Many worked in clothing industry. New Jewish migrants faced anti-Semitism, especially if they were poor.

  • Asian - Many ayahs stayed with their families when they moved back to England and when the children grew up, they found jobs with other English families. Some ayahs were abandoned by their employers and experienced poverty. Some lascars were abandoned by their shipping companies when they reached port, but others chose to leave and find jobs elsewhere.
• experiences of the irish

  • Irish - Most settled in cities and had the lowest-paying jobs as they did not have the skills needed for factory work. Irish navvies dug canals and constructed railways - work was hard and dangerous. Many navies were killed at work, which pushed their families into poverty. Irish migrants faced prejudice from the English because they were Catholic and many English assumed all Irish people were Fenians (Irish independence fighters who ran bombing campaigns).
• experiences of europeans

  • European - Germans settled in places all over Britain, but Italians settled mainly in London. Some German engineers and scientists set up successful businesses and hundreds of other set up small businesses such as cafes and shops. Some Italians continued doing the same work as they had in Italy, e.g., making tiles while others developed new skills such as street musicians.
• the role of media in the experience of migrants in 18-19 yh century

  • media played a huge role in changing attitudes towards migrants
  • newspaper publicised the judgement of a judge in 1772 when he said that slavery didn’t exist in britain
• role of media on experiences of migrants

  • Paul Reuter, a German migrant, started the Reuters news agency in London in 1851. It sold international news to British newspapers and made the world feel better connected.
  • Newspapers publicised the story of Mary Seacole, a Jamaican nurse who was left in poverty after caring for soldiers during the Crimean War.

  The railways carried newspapers all over Britain, so what they printed was widely read across the country.
• why liverpool was a popular destination for migrants

  JOBS!

  Liverpool was a port city on the Atlantic Ocean and so had excellent trade connections with USA.

  Raw cotton, a product of slavery, was Liverpool's main import - it was sent to the numerous cloth factories that had opened in the north of England.

  In 1845, Liverpool's docks handled 2.5 million tons of goods and by 1900 had 7 miles of docks. It was the second most profitable port in the world (after London).
• why irish and indians migrated to liverpool

  • Irish - jobs - navies built the docks and thousands of trish migrants worked on them afterwards. After the 1840s Irish businesses opened and Irish pubs gave advice and support to new arrivals. People came to escape the famine and poverty in Ireland.
  • Indians - Many Indian lascars stayed on in Liverpool after their ships had docked . easily find work
• why irish migrants wanted to go to america

  For many Irish migrants in Liverpool, America was their final destination.

  Liverpool was a good location from which to travel on to the USA and people believed that they would have a better life there.
• the experiences and impact of irish and indian migrants in liverpool

  Irish - 20% of population of Liverpool was Irish by 1851 and most of them lived in the poor, run-down areas of the city where disease was common.

  Thousands of people caught typhus (a disease from living in poor conditions) in 1847 and were looked after by the Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary (infirmary is another word for hospital). The disease became known as trish
• experiences of indian migrants in liverpool

  • many married english women which helped them settle in the community.
  • in 1899 a mosque was open for muslim indians
• why jewish peopl settled in spitalfields and whitechapel

  Already existing Jewish communities in these areas so they could get support - Jewish community leaders established a 'shelter where new arrivals could stay for a maximum of 14 days. They were given two meals a day while they looked for accommodation and work.

  Escaping from violent anti-Semitism in Russia - in the years after 1880, 150,000 Jews arrived in London after a long and dangerous journey.
• experiences and impacts of jews in spitalfields and whitechapel

  • Sweatshops - the East End of London already had big unemployment, so the arrival of thousands of new people looking for jobs created tension in the area. Many found jobs in sweatshops - illegal factories with poor working conditions. The police wanted to close them down, but the ones in Whitechapel run by Jews were difficult to close because the owners only spoke Yiddish and there was a communication problem.
• experience and impact of jews in spitalfields

  Racial tension - there was so much violence targeting Jews that the police were afraid to patrol Whitechapel and Spitalfields alone. Parliament set up two investigations into anti-Semitism in the area. When five women were murdered in Whitechapel by a murderer known as 'Jack the Ripper', some people blamed the Jews for the murders. The murderer was never caught and so anti-Semitism continued to increase.