learning

• Classical Conditioning


  How we learn through association
• Classical Conditioning


  1. Pair a new stimulus with an existing stimulus-response link

  2. Learn to associate the two stimuli and respond in a similar manner to both
• Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)


  A stimulus that naturally triggers a response (UCR)
• Unconditioned Response (UCR)


  A natural, unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
• Classical Conditioning


  1. Combine an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) with a conditioned (neutral) stimulus (CS)

  2. Produces the unconditioned response (UCR)
• Classical Conditioning


  1. Present only the conditioned stimulus (CS)

  2. The conditioned stimulus (CS) triggers the conditioned response (CR)
• Stimulus Generalisation


  The tendency to produce the same behavior to a similar stimulus after the response has been conditioned
• Discrimination in Conditioning


  Learning occurs only in response to a specific stimulus over time
• Extinction in Conditioning


  The association between the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and the conditioned stimulus (CS) no longer occurs, leading to the extinction of the learned response after several trials of separating the two stimuli
• Spontaneous Recovery


  After extinction, the conditioned response (CR) sometimes reappears suddenly when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented again
• Pavlov (1927)


  1. Made precise recordings and summarized 25 years of findings in his 1927 lectures

  2. Used a soundproof lab to prevent contact between the experimenter and the dog

  3. Surgically inserted a tube in the dogs' jaws to catch the saliva

  4. Used a metronome as a neutral stimulus to test conditioning

  5. Paired another neutral stimulus (e.g., shape or color) with the conditioned stimulus (e.g., metronome) to test higher-order conditioning