Energy systems

• aerobic energy system is the resynthesis of ATP in the presence of ozygen. The process includes glycolysis, beta oxidation, krebs cycle, and electron transport chain
• glycolysis


  glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid. This resynthesises net 2 ATP. Pyruvic acid then enters the link reaction where it is converted in acetyl-conenzyme A
• Beta oxidation


  stored fat is broken down into fatty acids before being converted into acetyl-coenzyme A
• Krebs cycle


  oxidation of acetyl-coenzyme A. This resynthesises 2 ATP and produces carbon dioxide as a waste product.
• Electron transport chain


  transfer of electons down a carrier chain, hydrogen is oxidised. Resynthesises 34 ATP and produces water as a waste product
• Altitude training


  training at an altitude where there is less oxygen. The body adapts by making more EPO which results in more red blood cells to carry oxygen. These additional red blood cells are an advantage for endurance athletes returning to sea level to compete.
• Anaerobic gylcolytic system


  Resynthesises ATP quickly for up to 3 minutes but produces fatiguing by-products. Anaerobic glycolysis occurs, resynthesising 2 ATP. With insufficient oxygen available to oxidise the pyruvic acid it combines with hydrogen to form lactic acid
• ATP/PC is the fatest energy system at resynthesising ATP due to limited number of chemical reactions required. can only last 8-10 seconds as it is limited by phosphocreatine sotres. the energy produced by breaking a bond is PC is used to resynthesis ATP from ADP and a free phosphate on a 1:1 ratio.
• energy continum of physcal activity


  refers to the changing mix of energy systems which provide the ATP required across different activites and durations
• Excess post-excerise oxygen consumtion (EPOC)


  Increase rate of oxygen intake following activity, intented to pay back the oxygen deficit
• Fast (alactic) component of EPOC


  oxygen is used for the resynthesis of ATP and PC, and the resaturation of myoglobin
• Slow (lactic) component of EPOC


  lactic acid is removed via excretion and conversion back to blood glucose via the Cori cycle in the liver
• High intentisy interval Training (HIIT)


  alternating periods of short high intensity anaerobic exercise with less intense aerobic recovery periods
• Indirect calorimetry


  a teachnique that provides an estimation of energy expenditure from the amount of carbon dioxide produced and oxygen consumes during rest and steady-state exercise
• lactate sampling


  a tiny blood sample is taken to be analysed by a divice. this measures how muvh lactate is present in the blood
• lactate threshold


  the point at which lactic acid accumulates quickly in the blood
• Onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)


  th point at which lactic acid exceeds 4mmols per litre in the blood
• oxygen deficit


  the difference between the oxygen required during exercise and the oxygen supplied utilised. occurs at the onset of exercise
• plyometrics


  anaerobic training method cased on the concept that muscles contract with more force following an eccentric contraction. Movements suck as hopping, bounding and depth jump are used.
• respiratory exchange ratio

  the ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumes. A ratio nearer 0.7 suggests the body is using fats as its primary fuel, while 1.0 would indicate carbohydrates
• speed agility quickness (SAQ)


  the anaerobic method of training aims to improve an athelete's multi-directional movement by reprogramming their neuromuscular system. to do this it utalises equipment such as ladders and cones
• VO2 max 


  the maximum amount of oxygen that can be taken in, transported and used by the body per minute. Measure in mm/kg/min
• VO2 max test


  VO2 max can be estimated using tests such as the multistage fitness test. However, the gold

  standard is direct gas analysis. In a laboratory the participant will work at increasing intensity,

  until failure is reached, on a treadmill, static bike, or rowing machine. They do so wearing a

  mask over their nose and mouth. This is connected to a machine which can measure their

  oxygen consumption.