Research issues

• What two variables can be an issue for researchers?

  Extraneous and confounding
• What is an extraneous variable?

  Any variable, other than the IV, that may affect the DV, if not controlled and does not vary systematically with the IV
• What is a confounding variable?

  Varies systematically with the IV - meaning we can't tell if the change in the DV is because of the IV or the EV
• What are demand characteristics?


  Where the participants change their behaviour because of a cue from the researcher or research situation
• What are investigator effects?


  Any effect of the investigator's behaviour on the outcome
• What is randomisation?

  The use of chance methods to control bias
• What is standardisation?

  Using the same procedures and instructions for all participants
• Participants are not passive within experiments and are likely to be trying to realise the purpose of the experiment
• What is participant reactivity?

  Where participants behaviour changes based on their awareness they're in a study
• Many extraneous variables are straightforward to control
• Who said that expectancy effects and unconscious cues are investigator effects?

  Coolican