English Mod 1

• Grammatical signals and expressions


  Writing devices that serve to maintain text coherence and signal the relationship between sentences
• Grammatical signals and expressions

  • They signal the relationship between new sentences and the one before it
  • They are important in text construction and give readers a signal of what will follow an idea
• Idea development


  The pattern by which a writer or speaker explains the main idea about a topic in a paragraph or paragraphs
• Patterns of organization


  • Show the relationships between supporting details in paragraphs, essays, and chapters
• Patterns of idea development

  • General to particular
  • Claim and counterclaim
  • Problem and solution
  • Cause and effect
  • Chronological order
  • Process
  • Comparison and contrast
  • Spatial order
  • Definition and example
  • Summary
• General to particular


  Explaining by starting with a broad or big idea and following it with specific or small ideas in support to the main idea
• Deductive method


  Also known as general to particular pattern of idea development
• General to particular pattern

  • Opening paragraph begins with a general statement, then adds details that explain it, ending with a broad statement summarizing the thinking resulting from the details
• Examples of general ideas


  • Every dog has its day
  • There is no place like home
  • Absence makes the heart grow fonder
  • It's raining cats and dogs
• Signal words for general ideas


  generally, primarily, largely, in general
• Signal words for major details

  first, second, third, another, furthermore, moreover, in addition
• Transition words for shifting from general to specific ideas


  particularly, specifically, or, such as
• Claim


  A statement or assertion that something is true, without providing evidence or justification
• Counter claim


  A rebuttal or opposing statement to a claim, supported by evidence or justification
• Citing evidence


  Using transitions/signal words and effective writing to present evidence from other resources
• Problem and solution pattern

  Presenting a significant problem and explaining it in detail, then suggesting a possible solution
• Cause and effect pattern


  Describing or discussing an event or action caused by another event or action
• Signal words for cause and effect


  because, creates, due to, as a result, consequently, hence, resulting, therefore
• Transition words


  Words or phrases that indicate a shift from one idea or topic to another in a written or spoken text