ANAPHY LAB

• Importance of Anatomy and Physiology

  Understand how the body:

  • Responds to Stimuli
  • Environment Changes
  • Environmental Cues
  • Diseases
  • Injury
• Structural and Functional Organization

  What are the 6 Structural Levels?

  
  

  Chemical --> Cell --> Tissue --> Organ --> Organ System --> Organism
• Chemical

  • Smallest Level
  • Atoms , chemical bonds, molecules
• Cellular

  • Cells : basic units of life
  • Compartments and organelles
• Tissues

  • Group of cells with similar structure and function plus extracellular substances they release
• Organs

  • Two or more tissue types acting together to perform function(s)
• Organ System

  • Group of organs contributing to some function
• Organism

  • All organs systems working together
  • Includes associated microorganisms such as intestinal bacteria
• Anatomy

  • Investigates body structure
  • The term means to dissect
• Physiology

  • Investigates processes and functions


  Human Physiology - Studies the human organism

  Systematic Physiology - Studies body organ-systems

  Cellular Physiology - Studies body cells
• Types of Anatomy

  Systematic - Studies body organ-systems

  Regional - Studies body regions (medical schools)

  Surface - Studies external features for example, bone projections

  Anatomical Imaging - Using technologies ( x-rays, ultrasound, MRI)
• Characteristics of Life

  Organization

  • Functional interrelationships between parts
• Characteristics of Life

  Metabolism

  • Sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism
  • Ability to acquire and use energy in support of these changes
• Characteristics of Life

  Responsiveness

  • Ability to sense and respond to environmental changes
  • Includes both internal and external environments
• Characteristics of Life

  Growth

  • Can increase in size
  • size of cells, group of cells, extracellular materials
• Characteristics of Life

  Development

  • Changes in form and size
  • Changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized - differentiation
• Characteristics of Life

  Reproduction

  • Formation of new cells or new organisms
  • Generation of new individuals
  • Tissue repair
• Homeostasis

  • Maintenance of constant internal environment despite fluctuations in the external or internal environment
• Variables

  • Measures of body properties that may change in value
• Homeostasis

  • Set points for some variables ca be temporarily adjusted depending on body activity, as needed:
• The components of feedback:

  1. Receptors - detects changes in variable
  2. Control Center - receives receptor signal, establishes set point, send signals to effector
  3. Effector - directly causes change in variable
• Body Cavities

  Dorsal Body Cavity

  • Encloses the organs of the nervous system
• Body Cavities

  Cranial Cavity

  • Contains the brain
• Body Cavities

  Vertebral Canal

  • Contains the spinal cord
• Ventral Body Cavity

  • Contains the majority of internal organs (viscera)


  Divided into - Thoracic cavity & Abdominal Cavity
• Abdominopelvic cavity divided into : Abdominal cavity & Pelvic cavity
• Body Cavities

  Thoracic Cavity

  • Space within chest wall and diaphragm
  • Contains hear, lungs, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea
• Body Cavities

  Mediastinum

  • Space between lungs
  • Contains heart, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea
• Body Cavities

  Abdominal Cavity

  • Space between diaphragm and pelvis
  • Contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys
• Body Cavities

  Pelvic Cavity

  • Space within pelvis
  • Contains urinary, bladder, reproductive organs, part of large intestine
• Serous Membranes

  Visceral serous membrane covers organs
• Serous Membranes

  Parietal serous membrane lines the walls of the cavities
• Serous Membranes

  Cavity - a fluid filled space between the membranes
• Membrane Name

  • Pericardium

  Cavity Name

  • Pericardial cavity - around the heart
• Membrane Name

  • Pleura

  Cavity Name

  • Pleural Cavity - around lungs
• Membrane Name

  • Peritoneum

  Cavity Name

  • Peritoneal Cavity - around abdominopelvic cavity and its organs
• Pericardial Cavity

  Pericardium

  • Visceral - pericardium covers heart

  Parietal Pericardium

  • Thick, fibrous

  Pericardial Cavity

  • Reduces friction
• Pleura and Pleural Cavity

  Pleura

  • Visceral pleura - covers lungs
  • Parietal pleura - lines of inner wall of thorax

  Pleural Cavity

  • Reduces Friction
  • adheres lungs to thoracic wall
• Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity

  Peritoneum

  • Visceral peritoneum - covers, anchors organs and have double layers called mesenteries
  • Parietal peritoneum - lines inner wall of abdominopelvic cavity
  • Paritoneal cavity - reduces friction