acids bases and salts

• indicators

  a substance that changes colour when added to acids or alkalis
• litmus

  well known indicator which turns red in acids and blue alkalis
• universal indicator

  most commonly used in labs because it presents a different colour for each PH
• acids and alkali

  both commonly used in home and industry
• acids

  produce hydrogen ions when dissolved in water
• alkalis

  produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
• acid and alkali danger and safety

  some are safe such as lemon juice and vinegar however dangerous ones are presented by the "corrosive sign"

  
• neutralisation

  when an acid and an alkali cancel each other out- this reaction always produces a salt and water (AASW).The H+ ions from the acid react with the OH– ions from the alkali to form water. The name of the salt produced depends upon the acid and alkali that react.
• strong acids in water

  fully dissociate in water whereas weak acids partially dissociate in water
• strong acids in their solutions

  have a number of H+ ions in their solutions meaning they have low PH's
• acid reactions 


  strong acids react quicker than weaker acids
• acid reacting with metals, bases and carbonates

  forms salts
• acid reacting with metals

  makes salt and hydrogen
• metal + acid

  hydrogen causes bubbling because it is exothermic
• acid + bases/alkalis

  make salt and water (BASW AND AASW)
• bases and alkalis


  alkalis- metal HYDROXIDES

  bases-Metal OXIDES
• acid + alkali/base reaction

  an exothermic reaction
• acids + carbonates

  acids + carbonates to create water + carbon dioxide + salt (CASCW)
• CASCW reaction 


  exothermic because carbon dioxide causes bubbling