Science 10 Review

• Biomolecules is the term used to describe the major types of molecules that can be seen in living organisms
• 4 general types of biomolecules

  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Protein
  • Nucleic Acid
• Polymer


  Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together in a chain
• Monomer


  Smaller units from which larger molecules are made
• Dehydration synthesis


  Links 2 monomers together and produces a water molecule
• Hydrolysis


  Separates the monomers, an input of water is needed
• The 4 types of biomolecule have different specific monomers
• Carbohydrates


  Group of biomolecules which includes sugars and its polymers
• Monosaccharide


  Simplest type of carbohydrates
• Ways to classify monosaccharides

  • According to the number of carbon atom
  • According to the position of carbonyl group on the chain
  • According to the orientation of hydroxyl group in ring form
• Aldose


  Carbonyl group found attached to the terminal carbon atom
• Ketose


  Carbonyl group found attached to a carbon within the chain
• Alpha ring structure


  Hydroxyl group in carbon number 1 is oriented downward
• Beta ring structure


  Hydroxyl group in carbon number 1 is oriented upward
• Glucose


  Main form of monosaccharide, input in cellular respiration

  
• Galactose


  Milk sugar, isomer of glucose
• Fructose


  Fruit sugar, isomer of glucose
• Disaccharide


  Carbohydrates made from two monosaccharide sub-units joined together by dehydration synthesis
• Common disaccharides


  • Maltose
  • Sucrose
  • Lactose
• Polysaccharide


  Carbohydrate made from a few hundred to few thousands of monosaccharide sub-units linked together by glycosidic bonds
• Storage polysaccharide


  Hydrolyzed to provide energy, e.g. starch and glycogen
• Structural polysaccharide


  Impart strength, e.g. cellulose and chitin
• Cellulose


  Main component of plant cell walls, glucose monomers linked by beta 1-4 glycosidic bond

  
• Chitin


  Found in exoskeletons of arthropods and cell walls of fungi, similar to cellulose with nitrogen-containing attachment
• Cellulose cannot be digested by most animals as the beta 1-4 glycosidic bond is indigestible