Funda finals

• Urinary elimination


  The process of emptying the urinary bladder
• Factors affecting urinary elimination

  • Social culture
  • Personal habits
  • Physical abilities
• Urination


  The process of emptying the urinary bladder, also called micturation or voiding
• Parts of the urinary system

  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
  • Pelvic floor
• Kidneys


  • Situated on either side of the spinal column
  • Primary regulators of fluid and acid-base balance
  • Contain approximately 1 million nephrons
• Ureters


  • Funnel shaped at the upper end
  • Lower ends enter the bladder
  • Valve prevents reflux of urine
• Bladder


  • Hollow, muscular organ
  • Serves as a reservoir for urine
  • Normal capacity 300-600mL
• Urethra


  • Passageway for urine elimination
  • Male urethra 20cm long, female urethra 3-4cm long
• Pelvic floor


  • Consists of muscles and ligaments
  • Provides support to pelvic viscera
  • Contains sphincter muscles for continence
• Urination


  1. Urine collects in bladder

  2. Stretch receptors transmit impulses to spinal cord

  3. Internal sphincter relaxes, urge to void

  4. Voluntary control requires intact nervous system
• Factors affecting voiding


  • Developmental factors
  • Psychosocial factors
  • Fluid and food intake
  • Medications
  • Muscle tone
  • Pathologic conditions
  • Surgical and diagnostic procedures
• Most individuals void 5-6 times per day
• Average daily urine output varies by age
• Polyuria (diuresis)


  Production of abnormally large amounts of urine, often several liters more than usual
• Oliguria


  Low urine output, usually less than 500mL per day
• Anuria


  Lack of urine production
• Frequency


  Voiding at frequent intervals, more than 4-6 times per day
• Nocturia

  Voiding 2 or more times at night
• Urgency

  Sudden, strong desire to void immediately