equations and calculations

• percentage yield 


  (emperimental mass / theoretical mass) x 100
• atom economy 


  (Mr of desired product / Mr of reactants) x 100
• in industrial chemical processes, it is desirable to have a high atom economy
• this means there is little or no waste product, only the desired product
• this means the process is more economically viable for industrial scale manufacture
• having a high atom economy is beneficial for the environment - uses less natural resources and often uses less energy