BIO

• Component molecules of DNA

  • Phosphate group
  • Sugar deoxyribose
  • Bases: ADENINE, THYMINE, CYTOSINE, and GUANINE
• Nucleotide


  Building blocks of DNA, contains: 1 phosphate group, 1 sugar molecule, 1 of the four bases (ADENINE, THYMINE, CYTOSINE, and GUANINE)
• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)


  • Double helix, Sugar is deoxyribose, Contains the four bases A, T, C, G
• RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)


  • Single helix, Sugar is ribose, Contains the four bases A, T, C, G but instead of T, A pairs with Uracil (U)
• Types of RNA


  • mRNA (messenger)
  • rRNA (ribosomal)
  • tRNA (transfer)
• JAMES WATSON: 'The Father of DNA Science'
• FRANCIS CRICK: 'Best known for his work with Watson which led to the identification of the structure of DNA in 1953'
• DNA


  • Copied during interphase before mitosis and meiosis, DNA replication is done when 2 identical copies of DNA are produced
• Levels of organization


  • Atom
  • Molecule
  • Macromolecule
  • Cell
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ system
  • Organism
  • Population
  • Community
  • Ecosystem
  • Biosphere
• Carbohydrates


  The building blocks of life, Structural support to living organisms, Carbos are sugars, Most common organic molecule, Function: energy source, Elements present: C, H, O (1:2:1)
• Sources of carbohydrates


  • Chocolates
  • Bread
  • Pastas
  • Fruits
  • Vegetables (all come from PLANTS)
• Types of carbohydrates


  • MONOSACCHARIDES: Glucose, fructose, galactose
  • DISACCHARIDES: sucrose, lactose, maltose
  • POLYSACCHARIDES: Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
• Fats and lipids


  Function: store energy, insulates your body, and makes up the cell membrane, Elements: C, H, O, Monomer: glycerol & 3 fatty acids, Polymer: phospholipids, triglycerides, Examples: Steroids, cholesterol, fats, oils, nuts, waxes, and make up part of the cell membrane, Are hydrophobic
• Types of lipids


  • Saturated: single bond between carbons, Solid at room temperature, Mainly animal fats (bacon grease, lard)
  • Unsaturated: double or triple bond between carbons, Liquid at room temperature, Mainly plant-based fats (olive oil, peanut oil, and oily fish like tuna, sardines)
• Proteins


  Function: enzyme catalysts, Structural support, COLLAGEN - fibrous protein that forms the framework of connective tissues, IMMUNOGLOBULINS - proteins produced by B cells for immune defense
• Amino acids


  Building blocks of proteins
• Importance of dietary protein sources

  Essential for meeting the body's nutritional needs, as they provide the necessary amino acids for protein synthesis
• Protein, made up of amino acid chains, is broken down by our bodies when we consume protein-rich foods
• Effects of protein deficiency

  • Impaired growth and development
  • Muscle wasting
  • Weakened immune system
  • Edema
  • Impaired nutrient absorption