Path 1

• Inflammation


  Local tissue, vascular and lymphatic reactions of living tissue against an irritant

  
• Purpose of inflammation


  • To defend against and eliminate the injurious agent responsible for injury and prevent its spread
  • Removal of the consequences of injury (necrotic cells)
  • To start repair of injured tissue

  
• Nomenclature of inflammation


  Inflammation is designated by adding the suffix "itis" to the English, Latin or Greek name of the organ affected
• Examples of inflammation names

  • Appendicitis
  • Salpingitis
  • Oophritis
  • Pericarditis
  • Hepatitis
  • Arthritis
  • Proctitis
  • Orchitis
  • Phlebitis
  • Omphalitis

  
• Inflammation


  Local tissue, vascular and lymphatic reactions of living tissue against an irritant

  
• Causes of inflammation


  • Living irritants: Bacteria and their toxins, viruses, parasites and fungi
  • Non-living irritants: Physical (excess heat, excess cold, radiations), Chemical (concentrated acids, alkalis, poisons), Mechanical (trauma, friction, foreign bodies), Immunological (allergic inflammation)
• Purpose of inflammation


  • To defend against and eliminate the injurious agent responsible for injury and prevent its spread
  • Removal of the consequences of injury (necrotic cells)
  • To start repair of injured tissue

  
• Nomenclature of inflammation


  Inflammation is designated by adding the suffix "itis" to the English, Latin or Greek name of the organ affected

  
• Acute inflammation


  Characterized by sudden onset and short duration (days to weeks)
• Chronic inflammation


  Characterized by gradual onset and long duration (months to years)
• Examples of inflammation names

  • Appendicitis
  • Salpingitis
  • Oophritis
  • Pericarditis
  • Hepatitis
  • Arthritis
  • Proctitis
  • Orchitis
  • Phlebitis
  • Omphalitis

  
• Pathogenesis of acute inflammation

  1. Local tissue reactions

  2. Local vascular reactions

  
• Causes of inflammation


  • Living irritants: Bacteria and their toxins, viruses, parasites and fungi
  • Non-living irritants: Physical (excess heat, excess cold, radiations), Chemical (concentrated acids, alkalis, poisons), Mechanical (trauma, friction, foreign bodies), Immunological (allergic inflammation)

  
• Acute inflammation


  Characterized by sudden onset and short duration (days to weeks)
• Local tissue reactions


  • Local death of tissue (necrosis)
  • Release and activation of chemical mediators (histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins)
• Local vascular reactions


  1. Transient vasoconstriction

  2. Vasodilation

  3. Slowing of blood stream (stasis)

  4. Formation of inflammatory exudates

  5. Dilatation of lymphatic vessels
• Chronic inflammation


  Characterized by gradual onset and long duration (months to years)
• Pathogenesis of acute inflammation

  1. Local tissue reactions

  2. Local vascular reactions

  
• Inflammatory fluid exudate


  High protein content, high fibrinogen content, high specific gravity, high cellular content

  
• Local tissue reactions


  • Local death of tissue (necrosis)
  • Release and activation of chemical mediators (histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins)
• Local vascular reactions


  1. Transient vasoconstriction

  2. Vasodilation

  3. Slowing of blood stream (stasis)

  4. Formation of inflammatory exudates

  5. Dilatation of lymphatic vessels
• Functions of inflammatory fluid exudate

  • Dilutes toxins, chemicals and poisons
  • Brings antibodies from the blood
  • Supplies nutrition and carries away waste
  • Fibrinogen forms a fibrin network as a barrier and bridge for leucocytes

  
• Inflammatory fluid exudate


  High protein content, high fibrinogen content, high specific gravity, high cellular content

  
• Functions of inflammatory fluid exudate

  • Dilutes toxins, chemicals and poisons
  • Brings antibodies from the blood
  • Supplies nutrition and carries away waste
  • Fibrinogen forms a fibrin network as a barrier and bridge for leucocytes