The study of the structure of the body and the relationship of its constituent parts to each other
Physiology
The study of the function of each body part and how the functions of various body parts coordinate to form a complete living organism
Branches of Anatomy
Gross anatomy
Microscopic anatomy
Cytology
Histology
Developmental anatomy
Comparative anatomy
Systematic anatomy
Dermatology
Endocrinology
Neurology
Regional anatomy
Anatomical Position
The human body is standing erect, facing forward with upper limbs by the sides and the palm of hands are facing forward. The feet are placed together with the toes pointing forward
Directional Terms
Anterior or ventral
Posterior of dorsal
Cephalic or caudal
Superior and inferior
Medial and lateral
Proximal and distal
Superficial/external and deep/internal
Body Planes and Sections
Sagittal (lateral) plane
Midsagittal plane
Coronal (frontal) plane
Transverse (axial) or cross-section
Cavities of the Body
Posterior (Dorsal) cavity
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
Anterior (Ventral) cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Smaller Cavities
Orbital cavity
Nasal cavity
Oral/Buccal cavity
Regions in the Abdominopelvic Cavity
Epigastric region
Hypochondriac regions
Umbilical
Right and left lumbar
Hypogastric
Right and left iliac
Body Cavity Membranes
Lined by serous membranes, secretes watery solution to protect walls of cavities and surfaces of internal organs, two layers: parietal and visceral
Regional Anatomy
Head and Neck
Trunk
Upper extremities
Lower extremities
Life Functions
Movement
Ingestion
Digestion
Transport
Respiration
Synthesis
Assimilation
Growth
Secretion
Excretion
Regulation (sensitivity)
Reproduction
Homeostasis
Ability of the body to regulate its internal environment within narrow limits, essential to survival, works on negative feedback system
Metabolism
Functional activities of the cell that result in growth, repair, energy release, use of food, and secretions, includes anabolism and catabolism
A 40-year-old obese female came to the emergency room with right upper quadrant patient. She said that the pain began after eating crispy pata and steak at an eat-all-you-can buffet.
Organs to Consider in the Differential Diagnosis
Gallbladder
Liver
Pancreas
Kidneys
Stomach
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by gallstones blocking the cystic duct, can lead to severe right upper quadrant abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and jaundice
Nucleus
Most important organelle within the cell, controls the activities of the cell and facilitates cell division
Nuclear Membrane or Nuclear Envelope
Regulates the transport of substances into and out of the cell
Nucleoplasm
A clear, semi-liquid medium that fills the spaces around the chromatin and the nucleoli
Nucleolus
Reservoir for RNA
Ribosomes
Serve as site for protein synthesis
Cytoplasm
Provides an organized watery environment where life functions take place via the activities of the organelles, which reside there
Centrosome
Contains two centrioles that are functional during animal cell division
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Provides passage for the transport of substances in the cytoplasm
Serves as sites of cellular respiration and energy production, store ATP, has own DNA, only mothers can give mitochondrial DNA
Golgi Apparatus
Manufactures carbohydrates and packages secretions for discharge from the cell
Lysosomes
Serve as a center for cellular digestion
Peroxisomes
Enzymes that oxidize cell substances
Cytoskeleton
Forms internal framework
Pinocytic Vesicles
Provide a mechanism by which large molecules can enter the cell
Cilia and Flagella
Create movement
Cellular Metabolism
Chemical reactions occur within the cells, energy supplied by ATP, ATP created from CHO, proteins, and fats that we eat
Meiosis
Involves reproduction, process of cell division of the sex cell or gamete, ovum and spermatozoa reduce chromosomes from 46 to 23, fertilization, zygote is formed from two sex cells to obtain full set of 46 chromosomes
Mitosis
Involves growth and maintenance of cells, cell division, division of nucleus, division of cytoplasm, stages: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase