INTRO TO ANATOMY

Cards (39)

  • Anatomy
    The study of the structure of the body and the relationship of its constituent parts to each other
  • Physiology
    The study of the function of each body part and how the functions of various body parts coordinate to form a complete living organism
  • Branches of Anatomy

    • Gross anatomy
    • Microscopic anatomy
    • Cytology
    • Histology
    • Developmental anatomy
    • Comparative anatomy
    • Systematic anatomy
    • Dermatology
    • Endocrinology
    • Neurology
    • Regional anatomy
  • Anatomical Position

    The human body is standing erect, facing forward with upper limbs by the sides and the palm of hands are facing forward. The feet are placed together with the toes pointing forward
  • Directional Terms

    • Anterior or ventral
    • Posterior of dorsal
    • Cephalic or caudal
    • Superior and inferior
    • Medial and lateral
    • Proximal and distal
    • Superficial/external and deep/internal
  • Body Planes and Sections

    • Sagittal (lateral) plane
    • Midsagittal plane
    • Coronal (frontal) plane
    • Transverse (axial) or cross-section
  • Cavities of the Body

    • Posterior (Dorsal) cavity
    • Cranial cavity
    • Spinal cavity
    • Anterior (Ventral) cavity
    • Thoracic cavity
    • Abdominopelvic cavity
    • Abdominal cavity
    • Pelvic cavity
  • Smaller Cavities

    • Orbital cavity
    • Nasal cavity
    • Oral/Buccal cavity
  • Regions in the Abdominopelvic Cavity

    • Epigastric region
    • Hypochondriac regions
    • Umbilical
    • Right and left lumbar
    • Hypogastric
    • Right and left iliac
  • Body Cavity Membranes
    Lined by serous membranes, secretes watery solution to protect walls of cavities and surfaces of internal organs, two layers: parietal and visceral
  • Regional Anatomy

    • Head and Neck
    • Trunk
    • Upper extremities
    • Lower extremities
  • Life Functions

    • Movement
    • Ingestion
    • Digestion
    • Transport
    • Respiration
    • Synthesis
    • Assimilation
    • Growth
    • Secretion
    • Excretion
    • Regulation (sensitivity)
    • Reproduction
  • Homeostasis
    Ability of the body to regulate its internal environment within narrow limits, essential to survival, works on negative feedback system
  • Metabolism
    Functional activities of the cell that result in growth, repair, energy release, use of food, and secretions, includes anabolism and catabolism
  • A 40-year-old obese female came to the emergency room with right upper quadrant patient. She said that the pain began after eating crispy pata and steak at an eat-all-you-can buffet.
  • Organs to Consider in the Differential Diagnosis

    • Gallbladder
    • Liver
    • Pancreas
    • Kidneys
    • Stomach
  • Cholecystitis
    Inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by gallstones blocking the cystic duct, can lead to severe right upper quadrant abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and jaundice
  • Nucleus
    Most important organelle within the cell, controls the activities of the cell and facilitates cell division
  • Nuclear Membrane or Nuclear Envelope
    Regulates the transport of substances into and out of the cell
  • Nucleoplasm
    A clear, semi-liquid medium that fills the spaces around the chromatin and the nucleoli
  • Nucleolus
    Reservoir for RNA
  • Ribosomes
    Serve as site for protein synthesis
  • Cytoplasm
    Provides an organized watery environment where life functions take place via the activities of the organelles, which reside there
  • Centrosome
    Contains two centrioles that are functional during animal cell division
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
    Provides passage for the transport of substances in the cytoplasm
  • Smooth ER

    Synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs and poisons, stores calcium ions
  • Rough ER

    Has bound ribosomes, secrete glycoproteins
  • Mitochondria
    Serves as sites of cellular respiration and energy production, store ATP, has own DNA, only mothers can give mitochondrial DNA
  • Golgi Apparatus

    Manufactures carbohydrates and packages secretions for discharge from the cell
  • Lysosomes
    Serve as a center for cellular digestion
  • Peroxisomes
    Enzymes that oxidize cell substances
  • Cytoskeleton
    Forms internal framework
  • Pinocytic Vesicles

    Provide a mechanism by which large molecules can enter the cell
  • Cilia and Flagella
    Create movement
  • Cellular Metabolism

    Chemical reactions occur within the cells, energy supplied by ATP, ATP created from CHO, proteins, and fats that we eat
  • Meiosis
    Involves reproduction, process of cell division of the sex cell or gamete, ovum and spermatozoa reduce chromosomes from 46 to 23, fertilization, zygote is formed from two sex cells to obtain full set of 46 chromosomes
  • Mitosis
    Involves growth and maintenance of cells, cell division, division of nucleus, division of cytoplasm, stages: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
  • Active Transport

    Requires an energy source
  • Passive Transport
    Does not require an energy source