104 maam jot's part

• Table of Contents


  • Alkaloids
  • Carbohydrates, Gums, and Mucilages
  • Glycosides
  • Flavonoids, Tannins, and other Polyphenols
  • Lipids
  • Volatile Oils

  
• Alkaloids


  "alkali-like", -ine, usually the bitter portion of plant constituents, nitrogen-containing compounds hence all of them are basic
• Alkaloids


  • Amino group in their structure can be primary 1°, secondary 2° or tertiary 3° (usually 2° or 3°)
  • Alkaloids react with acids, lone pair/s of nitrogen can be protonated in pH lower than their supposed pKa

  
• Acidic alkaloids


  Exist in their salt form, protonated/salt state = increased solubility in water, alkaloids tend to be soluble in water (with exceptions)
• Extraction of alkaloids


  If you want to isolate the free base → raise the pH, free form = basic form = more lipid soluble
• Alkaloids


  • Generally: poor solubility in water, bitter, colorless, odorless, crystalline, caffeine - good solubility in water
• Potent alkaloids


  Even in small quantities, at physiological pH, alkaloids can enter the blood-brain barrier and incur neurological effects
• At physiological pH, the predominant form of psychoactive alkaloids is the salt form, which can easily enter the blood-brain barrier</b>
• Plants containing alkaloids have addictive properties and are the most poisonous ones
• Classification of alkaloids


  • Chemical class
  • Taxonomic class
  • Biosynthetic origin
  • Pharmacological action

  
• Types of alkaloids


  • Pseudoalkaloids
  • True alkaloids

  
• As of October 25, 2020, 27,683 alkaloids were included in the Dictionary of Natural Products (DNP) with 990 hits of newly reported or reinvestigated alkaloids from nature between 2014 to 2020
• Alkaloids with validated biological activities

  • Anaesthetics: Cocaine
  • Antihypertensive: Reserpine
  • Cardioprotective: Thiocarbamate
  • Antimidriatic: Pilocarpine
  • Antitumor: Vincristine, Vinblastine
  • Antibacterial: Pelletierine
  • Anti-inflammatory: Hyoscine
  • Sedative/hypnotic: Hyoscyamine
  • Stimulant: Caffeine, Nicotine
  • Antiasthmatic: Ephedrine
  • Antimalarial/antiplasmodial: Quinine
  • Antigout: Colchicine
  • Neuromuscular blocker: Strychnine, Coniine
  • Psychedelic/hallucinogenic: Psilocybin, Mescaline
• Ephedra distachya L. (Ephedraceae) and others

  Fruit additive, antiviral agent, allergy treatment
• Ergometrine


  Postpartum/postabortal hemorrhage
• Claviceps purpurea var. Purpurea (Fr.) Tul. (Clavicipitaceae) and others


  Migraine treatment, Parkinson's disease treatment, antitumor agent
• Ergotamine


  Migraine treatment
• Eserine


  Ophthalmology, antidote/poisoning
• Physostigma venenosum Balf. (Fabaceae) and others

  Glaucoma, myasthenia gravis (chronic autoimmune disorder) treatment
• Galanthamine


  Muscle relaxant, Alzheimer's
• Galanthus woronowii Losinsk. (Amaryllidaceae) and many other species of the Amaryllidaceae


  Emmenagogue (stimulates menstrual flow), treatment of traumatic injuries to nervous system
• Hydrastine


  Gastrointestinal disorders
• Corydalis fimbrillifera Korsh. (Papaveraceae) and others

  Treatment for depression, hypertension, intestinal spasms
• Hyoscine


  Motion sickness
• Datura stramonium L. (Solanaceae) and others

  Analgesic, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory
• Hyoscyamine


  Antispasmodic, antiparkinson, cycloplegic drug
• Hyoscyamus niger L. (Solanaceae) and others

  Pain killer, sedation, diuretic
• Lobeline


  Anti-smoking, asthma, cough
• Lobelia inflata L. (Campanulaceae) and others


  Antispasmodic, respiratory stimulant
• Morphine


  Pain relief, diarrhea
• P. somniferum L. (Papaveraceae) and others

  Antispasmodic, expectorant antitussive
• Narceine


  Cough suppressant
• Nicotiana tabacum L. (Solanaceae) and others

  Relaxant, antispasmodic, discutient, diuretic
• Noscapine


  Cough suppressant
• Omacetaxine mepesuccinate


  Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
• Cephalotaxus fortunei (Taxaceae) and others


  Anti-cancer activities
• Papaverine


  Vasodilator, gastrointestinal disorders
• Pelletierine


  Tenia infestations
• Punica granatum L. (Lythraceae) and others

  Astringent, anti-bacterial, antiviral
• Pilocarpine


  Miotic in treatment of glaucoma, leprosy