citizenship gcse

• impacts of ageing population

  • increased demands on the NHS
  • higher costs of social care
  • raised costs of pensions for longer time periods
  • increase in age related conditions
• push factors of migration

  • war or conflict
  • natural disasters
  • discrimination
  • political persecution
  • lack of human rights
• pull factors of migration

  • work opportunities
  • better living
  • political stability
  • freedom of life
  • protection of human rights
• benefits of migration:

  • helps the economy grow, through tax, work, shopping and rent
  • migrants have skills - shortage of doctors or teachers etc
  • new cultures mixing - diversity, tolerance, respect
• bad things of migration

  • big population = demand on NHS, housing, education
  • rates of pay may reduce if the migrants work for lower wages
  • tensions and extremity
• Commonwealth migration

  • Migrants share history which creates common identity
  • shared elements of British culture and values and English
  • UK appealed to commonwealth countries after WW2 to come take empty jobs
• commonwealth countries

  • Australia
  • South Asia
  • New Zealand
  • Jamaica
  • canada
  • Rwanda
• EU countries - Migration

  • france
  • germany
  • poland
  • netherlands
  • portugal
  • spain
  • Greece
  • italy
  • latvia
  • croatia
  • cyprus
• Mutual Respect - the belief that everyone has the right to be treated with respect and dignity

  it is important for understanding views and beliefs of others, creating equality, which is needed for social cohesion
• Tolerance - is the ability to accept and live alongside others who hold beliefs or opinions you do not agree with, to create an inclusive society
• examples of inequality and discrimination

  • Gender pay gap
  • ageism - medical treatment if your too old
  • religious - no salah room
  • trans people toliets
• protected by Equality Act 2010

  • sexual orientation
  • age
  • disability
  • race
  • religion
  • pregnancy
  • trans
  • maternity
• Equality Act 2010 protects people in education, the workplace, public offices, transport, shops etc

  prevents discrimination, harassment and unfair treatment
• diversity : being part of a community with a range of cultures, religions, classes, age etc
• Integration: bringing communities together and celebrating the diversity of each different group
• community cohesion : creating communities that are integrated with each other
• how do schools promote blah blah

  • citizenship and RE lessons
  • culture days, dress up, food
  • assemblies and religious ceremonies
  • educating on religious festivals such as Eid
  • peer education
  • raising awareness and exposure to different stuff through peer education
• Good community cohesion examples

  • proactive community action
  • community projects
  • sense of belonging
  • mutual respect
  • tolerance
• bad community cohesion examples

  • gang stuff
  • high crime
  • extremism
  • racism
  • segregation
• • festivals that celebrate diversity
  • befriend a refugee
  • English teaching
• different identities

  • age
  • race
  • ethnicity
  • region
  • heritage
  • religion
  • gender
  • football team
  • job
  • music taste yurrr
• • gender can change identity, if they become trans and can’t use the toilet
  • age can change identity, when they are young it’s more sports and travel, but when they get old it’s parental responsibility
• identity debates

  • more Welsh than British
  • Scotland 44.7% voted independence
  • Scotland do their own thing in education and law
  • Wales and Ireland food, music, costume, language, Celtic
  • Ireland Protestant vs catholic
  • other countries only care about English stuff, monarchy, changing of the guard etc
• religious factors may be important to identity, eg Ireland may be Protestant which shaped their history
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights

  • developed after WW2 to prevent genocide
  • 30 articles
  • life, liberty, security
  • no torture or slavery
  • freedom of speech, opinion, thought, religion
• Human Rights Act 1998

  • made universal declaration into British law
  • and compiled with European Convention on Human Rights
• laws not held up everywhere

  • sentenced prisoners can’t vote - European Convention says prisoners are allowed to vote
  • homeless people - article 25, right to housing
• moral duties

  • Bad stuff
  • lying
  • cheating
  • lackadaisical
• upholding rights in conflicting situations

  • suspected terrorists 2008
  • extremist groups - National Action white supremacy tobah
  • investigatory powers act 2016 - snoopers charter, gov internet sneaky
• age restrictions :

  • criminal responsibility - 10 and 8 in Scotland
  • marriage with consent, pet, passport, legal aid, consent to surgery - 16
  • drive a car, blood donor - 17
  • buy drugs, alcohol, get married, vote, be in the jury - 18
• employment laws were fought for by the Labour Party and trade unions. They were further developed by EU legislation. Makes sure there’s no discrimination or conflict at work
• Consumer Rights Act 2015

  • goods or services should be as advertised and fit for purpose
  • services should be done with care and skill
  • customers can have an exchange or money back if goods are not as advertised
• consumer organisations

  • citizens advice
  • trading standards
  • advertising standards authority
• employment legislation

  • minimum wage laws - exploitation
  • contracts if employment - define expectations
  • Equality Act 2010 - against discrimination
• representative democracy

  • range of political views through diff political parties
  • minor parties stand equal with big ones
  • free and fair elections
  • citizens can elect representatives who's views they agree with
• political rights

  • to vote in general elections
  • to vote in local elections for councillors
  • to vote in referendums
  • to vote for devolved assemblies
  • to vote for mayor
  • to stand for election as…
• political rights also

  • lobby an MP
  • form a pressure group
  • organise a campaign
  • organise a protest
  • petition
• citizen responsibility

  • vote as a civic duty
  • protest legally
  • use freedom of speech but not to offend
  • voting to keep governments accountable
• rule of law

  • all citizens
  • obey the law
  • protected by law
  • ensures fairness and respect for human rights
• equality before the law

  • no one is above the law
  • MP expenses scandal 2009