South africa

• when was the freedom charter and what did it do?

  1955

  ANC + 200+ ORGANISIATIONS = combined resistnce

  Klipton near johanesburg 25 june 1955

  3000 inside 2000 outside

  Caused the Treason Trial which allowed international coverage and sympathy

  however this slowed resistance as leaders in prison for 5 years,

  caused the PAC to be formed which divided resistance aswell.
• Treason Trail when what + effects

  december 5:1956-61 , 18 months post freedom charter

  156 charged with high treason

  entire leadership of the ANC and others, after 5 months acused of plotting to overthrow and spread communism

  1957= 73 let free as of lack of evidence

  mandelas law firm practically bankrupt by the end of the 5 years

  March 1961 = aquital of all defedants

  Mandela used the trial to broadcast his agenda

  ANC developments stoped for all of the 5 years
• When was the PAC formed and why

  1959

  rejected the freedom charter bc it hated white people for exploiting and opressing black. and didnt belive in equal rights but black supremecy,

  leader: potlako leballow kicked from ANC

  25,000 more members than ANC in 1959
• Reasons for National Party win in 1948

  WW2 created 125,000 new emplyed people and only 25% were white

  white people feared their jobs would be taken away from them

  believed in racail supremecy Dutch reformist church

  United party jon smuts had relaxed aparthied

  growth in afrikaner nationalism+ nazi ideas (many on the nazi side)

  NP introduced aparthied, it was simple and comprehnsive
• When and what was the seperate representation of voters act?

  1951

  abolished the right for POC to vote,
• When and what was the population registration act

  1950

  ethnic catergory for everyone

  black white coloured and later indian

  very significant as it allowed for aparthied and further rules to develop, eg Group areas act 1950= residential and buisness lands segregated and races were barred from entering eachothers.
• what was the prohibition of mixed marriage act? & when

  1949

  mixed marriages and sexual relations between different races illegal,

  white people even punished, however not as severly as their POC counterpart
• when and what was the group areas act?

  1950

  seperate ethnic groups to specific areas

  forcibly evicting 3.5 million between 1951 and 1986

  over 1 million of those dported from urabn areas to rural areas

  sophiatown in johanasburg, mixed ethnicities community
• Why was sophiatown such an issue to the governement?

  Only place where black people could own land

  1953 the population was around 40,000 however sometimes spiked to 60,000

  70% of the town was slums "needed to clear the slums"

  because all the different races were living together defeats the idea that races cant live harmoniosly together if different

  To keep POC in control and in certain lower areas

  " the home of africans was in the tribal homelands" D.F Milan.
• When and what was the Bantu athorities act?

  1951

  Reiteration that africans home was in the trival reserves

  treated as foreigner to SA

  tribal reserves governed by tribal leaders appointed by GOV disposed if unco-operative

  They were in control of alicating the land, developing programmes and welfare policies
• Native laws ammendment Act

  1952

  standardised pass books to refernce books

  • men and women no more than 70 hours in urban areas
  • no african can live perminatly in urban areas unless born there, lived there for more than 15 years or been w the same employee for 10 years
  • refernece book contained photograph employment record+ personal details
  • criminal offence not to carry one
• What was the Education pre National party victory

  church run missionary schools

  1945, missionary+ 4360, gov= 230

  whites were getting 16times the funding compared to black children

  1948= standard of school falling, overcrowed, undertrained, buildings falling

  only 33% of black children went to school
• Eiselen report 


  Aparthied protect black students from western influence

  a ciriculum with limited skills is best= cheap labour

  political control over education, either go or dont, effects generations
• What year was the ANC formed?


  1912
• what law was created in 1948 


  MIxed marraige act,
• What laws were created in 1950?

  Group areas act

  population registration act

  supression of communism act
• When did WW2 end?

  1945
• Population Registration Act


  1950
• Group Areas Act


  1950
• Suppression of Communism Act

  1950
• Defiance Campaign


  1952-1953
• Bantu Education Act


  1953
• Formation of FEDSAW


  1954
• Freedom Charter


  1955
• Separate Representation of Voters Act

  1956
• Treason Trial


  1956-1961
• Creation of PAC


  1959
• Bantu Self-Government Act


  1959
• Sharpeville Massacre


  1960
• Anti-Apartheid Movement founded in London


  1960
• Creation of MK


  1961
• South Africa becomes a Republic and leaves Commonwealth


  1961
• Rivonia Trial


  1963-1964
• South Africa banned from Olympics a year after the FIFA World Cup


  1964
• UN directly condemn apartheid

  1966
• South African Student Organisation formed with ideas of Black Consciousness


  1969
• Soweto Uprising


  1976
• Transkei homeland becomes independent, others follow shortly after


  1976
• Death of Steve Biko


  1977
• Congress of South African Students launched


  1979