Case Studies (physical)

• us fracking

  areas introduced saw increase in average income of 10-20%
• Russian gas

  2nd largest producer

  3 of 4 pipelines through ukrain
• Madagascar

  1950: 12m hectars, 1985: 6m hectars

  over 400tonnes of soil erosion per year clogging rivers
• Malaysia

  joined eu forest law enforcement

  half of forest fully protected

  palm oil producers going for higher yield
• Amazon Droughts

  2023 drough, river rio negro lowest level recorded

  el nino

  drought becoming more common happening in 2004, 10
• River Nile

  1929 water agreement(Egypt,syria)

  1999 basin initiative

  grand Ethiopian renaissance dam

  generates 16000 gwh/y
• Murray darling basin

  produces $7bn annually

  2002 first step decision, 2007 water act

  put $13bn water scheme

  2006 big dry, 30% country rain deficient
• energy mixes, USA France

  us 3/4 FF, France 1/4 FF 70% nuclear

  us self sufficient and secure

  France imports 1/2 primary energy
• holderness coast

  soft porous rock

  long fetch, strong LSD

  29 Villages lost since roman times

  groynes/rock armour built

  2-6m lost in winter months

  tourism 30% down since 1998

  cuts off sediment downstream (easington and mappleton)
• 1953 UK storm surge

  307 deaths in England

  72000 evacuated

  £50m damages (1.2bn now)

  24000 homes destoyed
• 2013 storm Xavier

  2 deaths

  £100m damages

  East Coast railway suspended for a day
• Bangladesh

  60% land less than 10 above SL

  20m people less than 1m

  0.5m rise loses 8000km^2

  25 cyclone shelters built

  10.5 people displaced since 2004 floods

  $290m crop damages in 2004
• Withernsea

  hold the line approach

  £7m scheme, 400m of coastline

  cut off sediment downstream (easingon) which meant more defence had to be built
• 2010 Haiti Earthquake

  Magnitude 7 Earthquake

  Deaths: 230,000

  Displaced 1.3 Million

  People affected: at least 3 billion

  Damage: 8 billion

  Senegal allowed refugees
• the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake

  magnitude 9

  15000 dead, 120000 homes destroyed

  $200-300bn economic loss

  led germany to cancel nuclear program
• 2010 Chile tsunami

  magnitude 8.8

  500 deaths

  slow warnings

  $30bn losses

  widespread looting

  port badly damaged

  ​
• the phillipines

  1991 Mt pintubo eruption and typhoon yunga

  700 dead

  200000 homeless

  agriculture destoyed by lahars