Midterm

• Three subdivisions of the thoracic cavity:

  • Mediastinum
  • Pleural
  • Pericardial
• What is located in the spinal cavity?

  Spinal cord and medulla oblongata
• Flexion: A muscle action that decreases the angle at an articulation (joint). Ex: bending your elbow.
• Lateral: Pertaining to the side of the body; away from the median plane.
• Prone position: lying face down with the head and upper body elevated.
• Morbid anatomy: The study of anatomy in regard to the structural changes which occurs as a result of disease.
• Coccyx: The tailbone, the last vertebra in the spinal column.
• Thoracic vertebrae: T1-T12. Larger in size than cervical vertebrae and their spinous processes project inferiorly. Ribs articulate posteriorly with the thoracic vertebrae.
• Acromion process: A process of the scapula that articulates with the acromial end of the clavical.
• Dens/odontoid process: Located on the axis (C2) and is a tooth or peg-like process that projects upward and articulates with the atlas. Allows the head to pivot and move side-to-side.
• Axis: The C2 vertebrae.
• Sternal angle: Also known as Angle of Louis. Where the manubrium meets the body. The second rib articulates here.
• Fissure: A narrow slit between adjacent parts of bone through which blood vessels or nerves pass.
• Clavicular notch: Located on each side of the jugular notch. The sternum articulates with the sternal end of the clavicle forming the sternoclavicular articulation.
• Cervical vertebrae: C1-C7. Have 3 foramina; singular allows for the passage of the spinal cord and the paired transverse allows for the passage of vertebral arteries.
• C2-C6: Has a bifid (split or forked) spinous process.
• Atlas: The C1 vertebrae. Supports the skull and articulates with the occipital condyles. Has no body or spinous process; described as just a ring of bone.
• Cervical prominens: The C7 vertebrae; the most prominent of the cervical vertebrae because it possesses a large non-bifid spinous process.
• Number of bones in an infant's vertebral column: 33.
• The ethmoid bone helps forming the following:

  • Part of the anterior portion of the cranial floor.
  • Medial wall of the eye orbits.
  • Superior part of the nasal septum.
• Nasal bones: Paired, oblong shaped bones that sit side by side at the upper and middle part of the face. They form part of the nose bridge.
• Radial tuberosity: A roughened projection on the medial side, located distal to the neck. Serves as a point of attachment for the biceps brachii muscle.
• Olecranon fossa: Located on the posterior portion of the humerus and receives the olecranon process of the ulna when the forearm is extended.
• Humerus: the bone of the upper arm or forelimb, forming joints at the shoulder and the elbow. Largest and strongest bone of the upper extremities.
• Vertebral border: Thin medial border of the scapula and lies closer to the vertebral column.
• Bones that form the hard palate:

  • Maxillae
  • Palatine process of the maxilla
  • Horizontal plate of the palatine bone
• Lacrimal bones: Paired, thin bones the size and shape of fingernails. Smallest of the facial bones and located posterior and lateral to the nasal bones. Help form the medial borders of the eye orbits.
• Semi-lunar notch: Also known as trochlear notch of the ulna. A large, curved area between the olecranon process and the coronoid process. Also forms part of the elbow joint.
• Glenoid cavity: Also known as glenoid fossa of the scapula. A slight indentation on the lateral aspect of the scapula and articulates with the head of the humerus forming the shoulder joint, known as the glenohumeral articulation.
• The sternum consists of three portions:

  • Manubrium - superior triangular portion where the clavicles and first rib articulate.
  • Body or Gladiolus - the middle and largest portion.
  • Xiphoid process or Ensiform process - the most inferior portion and smallest portion. Xiphoid = sword.
• Peritoneum: the serous membrane lining the cavity of the abdomen and pelvic and covering the abdominal and pelvic organs.
• Periosteum: A membrane that covers the outer surface of bones and protects them from damage. Essential for bone growth, nutrition, and repair.
• Cardiac muscle: Forms the wall of the heart. Striated and involuntary.
• Tendon: Dense connective tissue. Connects muscle to bone.
• Mediastinum: A region of the thoracic cavity located between the lungs that contains the heart, esophagus, and trachea.
• Pleura: Serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity and covering the lungs.
• Serous membrane: Also known as serosa; an epithelial membrane. Lines a cavity that does not open directly to the outside. Covers the organs and secretes a serous fluid. Will always have two layers separated by a cavity: parietal and visceral.
• Ventral: Toward the front of the body, away from the back.
• Parasagittal plane: A vertical plane that divides the body into unequal right and left sections.
• Isotonic solution: A solution that has the same solute concentration on both sides of the semi-permeable membrane.