aniaml studies (lorenz & harlow)

• Stages of development as identified by Schaffer

  Outline stages
• One criticism of Schaffer's stages of attachment
• Ethologists


  Researchers who study the behaviour of animals in their natural environments
• Lorenz's procedure


  1. Randomly divided a clutch of goose eggs

  2. Half hatched with mother in natural habitat

  3. Half hatched in incubator where first moving object was Lorenz
• Lorenz's key findings
• Imprinting


  Phenomenon where bird species that are mobile from birth attach to and follow the first moving object they see
• Critical period


  Brief period after hatching/birth when imprinting must occur, or attachment will not form
• Imprinting


  Can influence later adult mating behaviour
• Harlow's procedure


  1. Reared 16 baby monkeys with two wire model 'mothers'

  2. One dispensed milk, the other was cloth-covered
• Harlow's key findings
• Contact comfort


  Physical and emotional comfort an infant receives from being in physical contact with the mother or caregiver
• Maternal deprivation in monkeys

  Severe consequences: monkeys were dysfunctional, more aggressive, less sociable, bred less often
• Critical period


  90 days - after this time attachment was impossible and damage irreversible