ap bio

• Carbohydrate Examples


  glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, glycogen, cellulose, monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
• Disaccharide


  A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

  
• Monosaccharide


  A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.

  
• Polysaccharide


  Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

  
• Glycosidic Linkage


  A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.

  
• Starch


  A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.

  
• Cellulose


  A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms

  
• Lipid Examples


  fatty acids, fats, saturated fats, unsaturated fats, steroids, phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides
• Unsaturated Fat


  A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.

  
• Saturated Fat


  A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms

  
• Steroid


  lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings

  
• Phospholipid


  a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes

  
• Nucleotide


  monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

  
• Nucleic Acid Examples


  DNA, RNA, (ATP and ADP are modified nucleic acids)
• Protein Examples


  amino acids, primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures, collagen, hemoglobin, enzymes
• Triglyceride


  a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule

  
• Amino Acid Examples


  glutamine, proline, cysteine, lycine, ...
• Primary Structure of a Protein


  sequence of amino acids

  
• Secondary Structure of a Protein

  protein structure is formed by folding and twisting of amino acid chain

  
• Tertiary Structure of a Protein


  protein structure is formed when the twists and folds of the secondary structure fold again to from a larger 3D structure

  
• Quaternary Structure of a Protein

  protein structure is a protein consisting of more than one folded amino acid chain

  
• Disulfide Bridge


  The covalent bond between two sulfur atoms (-S—S-) linking two molecules or remote parts of the same molecule.

  
• Hydrogen Bonds


  Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule

  
• nucleic acid


  kind of macromolecule that stores, transfers, and expresses genetic information

  
• Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Nitrogen (CHOPN)

  elements that make up a nucleic acid
• nucleotide


  monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

  
• double helix


  term used to describe the arrangement of a DNA strand

  
• RNA


  ribonucleic acid; a polymer of nucleotides that transfers genetic information
• how RNA differs from DNA

  the sugar in RNA is ribose; Uracil bonds with Adenine; RNA is single-stranded
• Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (CHON)


  elements that make up a protein
• amino acid


  building block (monomer) of proteins, composed of an amino group and a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and an R-group

  
• structure of an amino acid

  a carboxyl group, an amino group, a central Carbon, a Hydrogen, and an R-group
• peptide bond


  covalent bond formed between amino acids

  
• polypeptide chain


  a long line of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds

  
• R-group


  stands for the rest of the compound, different for each kind of amino acid, giving the amino acid its properties

  
• properties the R-group may give the amino acid

  hydrophilic or hydrophobic, polar or nonpolar, acidic or basic
• four levels of a proteins structure


  primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure
• hydrophobic R-groups


  move together to the interior of a protein, away from water
• lipids


  macromolecule made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (CHO) that is mostly nonpolar not soluble in water;
• Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO)


  elements that makeup both Carbohydrates and Lipids