4.2

• Social Changes


  • Social values, norms and mores
  • Public perception of crime
  • Structure of society
  • Demographic changes
  • Cultural changes
• Social changes could be due to

  • Structure of society
  • Change in society's culture
• Social Values


  Understanding right from wrong, what people feel is correct
• Social Values


  • Giving up your seat for the elderly
  • "Women and Children First"
• Norms


  'Normal' behaviour in a society, social expectations that guide behaviour
• Norms


  • Wearing dark sombre colours to a funeral
• Mores


  Morals, or good ways of behaving
• Mores


  • Taboo against incest or taking human life
• Social Change


  A shift in society's norms, values and morals (attitudes) over a period of time
• Drink Driving


  Public perceptions might change over time. An act that was once considered acceptable would be seen as wrong today
• Drinking driving is an example of this

  The public have come to see it as much more serious and laws tighten
• 1979 - Half of all male drivers admit to drink driving once a week
• 2014 - 91% of people thought drink driving unacceptable
• Why might attitudes about drink driving have changed over time?

  • More media coverage/campaigns
  • Increase in technology to spot drink drivers
  • Change in the society regarding drinking culture
  • Increased amount of transportation options
  • Economic costs of driving damages/incidents
  • Increase in car ownership
• Changes Over Time


  • 1925 – First Law Passed to make drink driving an offence. Was no legal limit so being drunk was subjective.
  • 1966 - All new cars must be fitted with seat belts
  • 1967 – Legal limit introduced. Becomes an offence if above limit
  • 1983 – High Risk Offender Scheme is introduced to convict drivers with an alcohol problem
  • 1991 - Fixed penalty for causing death by dangerous driving introduced (5 years)
  • 2014 - Fixed penalty for causing death by dangerous driving increases (14 years)
• Breathalysers


  Aim to measure alcohol consumption in an individual's breath
• Legal limits of alcohol consumption

  • 35 micrograms of alcohol per 100 millilitres of breath
• Types of breathalyser tests

  • Roadside vs Police Station
• When breathalyser tests have to be administered

  Suspicion of alcohol or an RTA
• Consequences of failing a breathalyser test

  • Driving bans, fines, imprisonment
• Deaths from dangerous driving

  Going down over time
• Tougher laws and sentencing reflect growing public intolerance towards drink driving
• The first tv advertisement regarding drink driving was aired over 50 years ago. The nature of such has changed rapidly in this period
• Changes in drink driving TV campaigns

  • More focus on typical offenders - young men
  • Show consequences of drink driving e.g. fatalities
  • Use real life case studies for emotional appeal
  • Increased frequency around holiday seasons
• 1945 – Fewer than 20,000 non-white residents in the UK. Main groups were Irish and Jews that had escaped persecution
• 1950's and 1960's – Non-white immigrants come from British colonies such as Caribbean, India and Africa
• 1950's to 1980's – An influx of immigrants from Eastern Europe in search of filling jobs that British citizens refused to take
• 1992 – Free movement between EU member states
• 2013 to 2016 – Big Influx of movement to the UK
• What has recently affected immigration in the UK?

  • Changes to immigration system, points-based system
  • Lack of freedom of movement after Brexit
  • Public and political debates about immigration
  • Impact of COVID
  • Government policies e.g. Rwanda
• 2011 Census data on UK's ethnic diversity
• Bejamin Zephaniah 50 years of race relations act (youtube.com)
• What was a colour bar?
• What signs could be seen outside pubs before the RRA?
• Where were the 1958 'race riots'?
• According to Zephaniah, why does he still get stopped by the police?
• What does Kapoor see as the new form of racism?
• Describe what happens in the clip-on public transport.
• According to Zephaniah, why don't the laws against discrimination work?
• What was the Windrush generation and what challenges did they face?