biotechnology 8

• Red Biotechnology


  A process that utilizes organisms to improve health care and help the body fight diseases. Biotechnology applied in health and medicine
• Alexander Fleming


  Found the Penicillin → an antibiotic
• Alzheimer's Disease


  The most common type of dementia. A progressive disease beginning with mild memory loss and possibly leading to loss of the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to the environment
• Molecule


  A set of atoms
• Diagnostics


  A procedure or set of procedures used to identify a disease, condition, or injury. A diagnosis determines the cause of a person's symptoms and signs
• Molecular Diagnostic


  The use of molecules in diagnosing a patient's possible disease or condition

  
• Green Biotechnology


  Biotechnology applied in agriculture
• 4 Types of Macromolecules


  • Carbohydrate
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Lipids
• GM Crops


  Engineered crops marketed by farmers due to altered DNA
• Examples of Molecular Diagnostic

  • Polymerase-Chain-Reaction
  • Monoclonal Antibodies
  • Prognostic Biomarkers
  • Recombinant Antigens
• BT Corns (Bacillus thuringiensis corns)


  • Genetically modified corn
  • Inserted a toxic gene from Bacillus thuringiensis
  • Increase in production was realized because of its resistance to the attack of the corn borer
• Recombinant


  A description that came from "recombination"
• BT Cottons (Bacillus thuringiensis cottons)


  • Genetically modified cotton
  • Inserted a toxic gene from Bacillus thuringiensis
  • Increase in production of cotton (to create cottonseed oil and textiles)
  • Resistance to the attack of bollworms
• GM Potato


  • Genetically modified potato
  • Inserted a gene from Snowdrop Flower
  • To resist bruising and browning when packaged, stored, transported, or cut in the kitchen
  • Resist INSECTS
  • To improve nutritional value
• Recombination


  A process where DNA pieces from a distinct DNA combine
• Vaccine


  A biological preparation that provides acquired immunity to prevent outbreaks and diseases
• Golden Rice


  • Genetically Modified Rice
  • Inserted a gene from Daffodil
  • Infused beta-carotene 20x better than regular rice
  • High levels of Vitamin A
  • Combats malnutrition, especially children with low levels of Vitamin A
• GM Papaya


  • Genetically Modified Papaya
  • Inserted a protein from the Papaya Ringspot Virus to make the Papaya immune from the Virus itself
• Recombinant Vaccines


  Vaccines studied and experimented with through recombination

  
• GM Peas


  • Genetically Modified Peas
  • Inserted a protein from kidney beans to free the peas from pests
• GM Canola


  • Genetically Modified Canola
  • Inserted a gene from agrobacterium – bacteria found in soils to improve food consistency and prolong shelf life
• Edward Jenner


  • Founder of vaccines via recombination (smallpox vaccines, cowpox vaccines)
  • Used a child to create a recombinant vaccine

  
• Flvr Savr Tomato


  • Genetically Modified Tomato
  • Designed to withstand the rigors of shipping, one that would last for weeks while regular tomatoes shriveled and rot
  • Inserted a gene from agrobacterium – bacteria found in soils to improve food consistency and prolong shelf life
• Plasmid


  A ring of double-stranded DNA
• Advantages of GM Crops

  • Tolerant to stresses such as drought, cold, and heat
  • Pest-resistant
  • Reduce post-harvest costs and losses to farmers
  • Enhances nutritional value
• Disadvantages of GM Crops

  • Unintentionally introducing allergens and other antinutritional factors into foods
  • Escaped transgenes affecting other organisms
  • Evolution of pest resistance to the toxic gene
  • Affects other unintended organisms with its genetic makeup
• Recombinant Vaccine Creation


  Infected Plasmid + Uninfected Plasmid

  
• Examples of Recombinant Vaccines

  • Hepatitis B Vaccine
  • Smallpox Vaccine
  • Cowpox Vaccine

  
• Bioremediation


  Influences the natural biochemical processes of plants or micro-organisms to clean up the environment
• Pollutants


  • Organic Waste
  • Heavy Metals
• All pollutants and contaminants are pollutants, but not all contaminants are pollutants
• Recovery


  The remediating effect of bioremediation (the result)
• Bioinformatics


  The use of computer hardware and software to store, retrieve, and analyze large quantities of biological data. The use of high throughput technologies (DNA sequencing machines, DNA and RNA microarrays, combinatorial chemistry, 2D gel electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry)
• Bioinformatics Combination


  The combination of statistics, biology, and computer science

  
• Sequencing


  To create or make a sequence
• Pathogen


  An organism causing the disease to its host
• Genomes


  DNA set / the entirety of genetic information
• White Biotechnology


  Biotechnology applied in the industry and environment
• Industrial Biotechnology


  Use of biological entities to manufacture products
• Pathogenesis


  The process by which an infection leads to disease