12.7

• In Natural Active Immunity the immune system produces T&B memory cells which recognise & destroy pathogens
• In Natural Passive Immunity antibodies cross from the mother's placenta to the fetus, and the mother's milk (colostrum) is high in antibodies
• The infant's gut allows the glycoproteins from colostrum to pass into bloodstream without digestion
• In Artificial Active Immunity small amounts of safe antigen are injected into the blood as a vaccine
• Vaccines can contain weakened strains, dead/inactive bacteria and viruses, isolated antigens, or genetically engineered antigens
• In Artificial Passive Immunity antibodies are formed in one individual and extracted & injected into another
• Artificial Passive Immunity only provides temporary immunity but is useful for emergencies
• An Epidemic is the rapid spread of disease in a particular reguion/across a country
• A Pandemic is the rapid spread of disease across multiple countries/continents
• Infection Prevention: restrict antibiotic use, appropraite hygiene measures, patient isolation, screening incoming patients/visitors, record & report no. of cases