Global population futures

• What is ozone depletion?

  thinning layer where ozone levels are low
• Where was ozone depletion discovered in 1985?

  antarctica
• What can destroy the ozone layer?

  CFC’s - chlorofluorocarbons - common chemicals found in refrigerants and aerosol sprays
• What did the 1987 UN Montreal protocol ban?


  CFC’s - set timetable to phase out substances
• How much co2 emmisions have been reduced by the ban on CFC’s?

  1989-2012 135 tonnes
• What are 90% of non melanoma cases associated with?


  uv exposure
• What are risk factors to do with skin cancer?


  exposure to sun, outdoor working, being fair skinned, age and family history, radiotherapy, skin conditions
• What is cataracts?


  Clouding of the eye's lens
• Who is cataracts common in?


  older people
• How many people become blind from cataracts annually?

  12-15 million - 12% may be caused by uv radiation
• What are some causes of climate change?

  burning fossil fuels, agriculture, rice paddies, landfills, deforestation
• Which areas will warm more?

  higher latitudes will warm more than equatorial latitudes - more reflection on lighter surfaces
• What is evidence for climate change?

  ice cores, sea level change, tree rings, ocean sediment cores, tracking glaciers, pollen, landforms, weather stations
• Between 2030 and 2050 climate change is expected to cause 250000 additional deaths per year
• What is thermal stress?

  extreme temperatures cause a person to experience negative effects e.g. heat stress - body cannot get rid of excess heat which can increase heart rate
• Who is at risk of heat stress?

  elderly and people subjected to high temperatures e.g. Military
• What are symptoms of heat stress?

  Dehydration, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, anxiety, headaches, sweating, increased heart rate
• What populations are more at risk of heat stress?

  • Populations in temperate climates - exposed to higher levels of sunlight
  • lic’s - subsistence farmers out in fields/cannot afford same treatments or technology e.g. air conditioning
• How will climate change affect thermal stress?

  increase global temperatures - reduce mortality rates from hypothermia and increase mortality rates from heat stress
• What are vector borne diseases?

  Diseases transmitted by vectors such as mosquitoes or ticks - one of leading causes of death in developing world
• Which animal kills more people per year than any other animal?

  Mosquitoes
• How will climate change affect malaria?

  • may expand into new regions like Crimea and Turkey
  • may decrease in some areas - e.g. sub Saharan Africa climate change is expected to decrease rainfall
  • still uncertainty about future malaria transmission rates
• How does dengue spread?

  mosquitoes lay eggs in stagnant water in urban areas
• What is an example of flooding increasing dengue rates?

  2022 hurricane in Florida
• Where does dengue occur?

  tropical and subtropical environments
• What percentage of the population is at risk of contracting dengue?

  40%
• How many people will be at risk of contracting dengue in 2085?

  50-60%
• How will climate change influence agricultural productivity and nutritional standards?

  • lack of food available and variety - malnutrition and famine common
  • deficiency due to lack of variety cause diseases like rickets
  • poor quality food - diarrhoea
  • climate change can cause food yields to fail - prices rise - people cannot afford - nutritional standards decrease resulting in poor health
• Global population will continue to increase and reach an estimated 11.2 billion by 2100 according to the UN
• What are factors in the future population-environment relationship?

  Climate change, resource availability, technological advancements, and government policies
• What are future challenges for the population?

  Rural-urban migration - more squatter settlements - more environmental pressure
• India is expected to overtake china as the most populated country
• Why will population distribution change?

  some countries growth rates are faster than others
• Which countries are predicted to have the highest growth rates?

  LIC’s
• Which countries will have the largest decline in population?

  HIC’s