part 3

• Comprehension, the act of extracting meaning from text, improves with age
• Socialization – teaching children the values, roles, and behaviors of their culture.
• Authoritarian parenting – parents who show high levels of warmth toward their children.
• Authoritative parenting – parents who use a moderate amount of control and are warm and responsive to their children.
• Permissive parenting – style of parenting that offers warmth and caring but little parental control over children.
• Uninvolved parenting – style of parenting that provides neither warmth nor control and that minimizes the amount of time parents spend with children.
• Direct instruction – telling a child what to do, when, and why.
• Counterimitation – learning what should not be done by observing the behavior.
• Reinforcement – consequence that increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated in the future.
• Punishment – applying an aversive stimulus (e.g., a spanking) or removing an attractive stimulus (e.g., TV viewing)
• Negative Reinforcement Trap – unwittingly reinforcing a behavior you want to discourage
• Time-Out – punishment that involves removing children who are misbehaving from a situation to a quiet, unstimulating environment
• Joint custody – when both parents retain legal custody of their children following divorce.
• Blended family – family consisting of a biological parent, a stepparent, and children
• Ego Resilience – a person’s ability to respond adaptively and resourcefully to new situations.
• Friendship – voluntary relationship between two people involving mutual liking
• Co-Rumination – conversations about one’s personal problems, common among adolescent girls.
• Clique – small group of friends who are similar in age, sex, and race.
• Crowd – large group including many cliques that have similar attitudes and values
• Dominance Hierarchy – ordering of individuals within a group in which group members with lower status defer to those with greater status.