part 4

• Popular children – children who are liked by many classmates.
• Rejected children – as applied to children’s popularity, children who are disliked by many classmates.
• Controversial children – as applied to children popularity, children who are intensely liked or disliked by classmates.
• Average Children –as applied to children’s popularity, children who are liked and disliked by different classmates, but with relatively little intensity
• Neglected Children – as applied to children’s popularity, children who are ignored—neither liked nor disliked—by their classmate
• Instrumental aggression – aggression used to achieve an explicit goal
• Hostile Aggression – unprovoked aggression that seems to have the sole goal of intimidating, harassing, or humiliating another child.
• Electronic Media

  • Television
  • Computers
• Recursive thinking – thoughts that focus on what another person is thinking.
• Prejudice – a view of other people, usually negative, that is based on their membership in a specific group
• Undifferentiated

  3 – 6 years

  Children know that self and others can have different thoughts and feelings but often confuse the two.
• Social-informational

  4 – 9 years

  Children know that perspectives differ because people have access to different information.
• Self-reflective

  7 – 12 years

  Children can step into another’s shoes and view themselves as others do; they know that others can do the same.
• Third-person

  10 – 15 years

  Children can step outside of the immediate situation to see how they and another person are viewed by a third person.
• Societal

  14 years to adult

  Adolescents realize that a third-person perspective is influenced by broader personal, social, and cultural contexts.
• According to the systems approach, the family consists of interacting elements; that is, parents and children influence each other. The family itself is influenced by other social systems, such as neighborhoods and religious organizations.
• One key factor in parent-child relationships is the degree of warmth that parents express
• A second factor is control, which is complicated because neither too much nor too little control is desirable
• Taking into account both warmth and control, four prototypic parental styles emerge: Authoritarian parents are controlling but uninvolved; authoritative parents are fairly controlling but are also responsive to their children; permissive parents are loving but exert little control; and uninvolved parents are neither warm nor controlling.
• Authoritative parenting seems best for children in terms of both cognitive and social development, but there are important exceptions associated with culture and socioeconomic status.