apply to human behaviour

• Evolutionary influences


  Evolved gender differences: Bullying is viewed as a survival tactic shaped by evolution, with differences in how males and females employ it. Males use bullying to assert dominance and attract mates by displaying strength and resourcefulness. This behavior also helps them fend off competition. Conversely, females may use bullying to ensure their partner's loyalty and access resources, often employing subtler verbal and manipulative methods.
• Localisation of brain function

  Amygdala dysfunction: Amygdala is crucial for social behavior, in children with ASD growth in the amygdala occurs earlier than neurotypical children, resulting in differences in neural organisation & functioning. Amygdala is integral to understanding social cues, and its abnormal development during childhood & hence explained by localisation of brain function.
• Neurotransmitters


  Bullying genes: Levels of the enzyme MAOA (which breaks down serotonin) are closely associated with aggressive bullying behavior. The production of MAOA is determined by the MAOA gene, & dysfunction in this gene can lead to low MAOA levels which can impact on levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin which leads to bullying behaviour