HISTOLOGY

avatar
Created by
SHEMAIAH NAVAL

Subdecks (5)

Cards (166)

  • Human Respiration

    The human respiratory system allows one to obtain oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide
  • Breathing

    1. Inspiration (the process of taking in air)
    2. Expiration (the process of blowing out air)
  • Functions of the respiratory system
    • Provides for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the blood
    • Pulmonary ventilation (air moves in and out of lungs, continuous replacement of gases in alveoli)
    • External respiration (gas exchange between blood and air at alveoli)
    • Transport of respiratory gases between the lungs and the cells of the body
    • Internal respiration (gas exchange in capillaries between blood and tissue cells)
  • Organs in the respiratory system
    • Nose/nasal cavity (warms, moistens, & filters air as it is inhaled)
    • Pharynx (passageway for air, leads to trachea)
    • Larynx (the voice box, where vocal cords are located)
    • Trachea (keeps the windpipe "open", lined with cilia to filter air)
    • Bronchi (two branches at the end of the trachea, each lead to a lung)
    • Bronchioles (a network of smaller branches leading from the bronchi into the lung tissue & ultimately to air sacs)
    • Alveoli (the functional respiratory units in the lung where gases are exchanged)
  • Two divisions of the respiratory system
    • Upper respiratory tract (nasal cavities, pharynx - the section that takes air in and lets it out)
    • Lower respiratory tract (larynx, trachea and lungs)
  • Two components of the respiratory system
    • Conducting portion (cleans and humidifies the inspired air and provides a conduit through which air moves to and from the lungs)
    • Respiratory portion (main function of gas exchange)
  • Nasal cavities

    • Vestibules (create turbulence in inspired air)
    • Nares (nostrils, with sweat glands and coarse moist vibrissae to filter some material from inspired air)
    • Respiratory epithelium (covers the middle and inferior conchae)
    • Olfactory epithelium (sense of smell are located, a specialized region of the mucous membrane covering the superior conchae at the roof of the nasal cavity)
  • Types of respiratory epithelium
    • Ciliated columnar cells (most abundant, with 250-300 cilia on its apical surface)
    • Goblet cells (numerous, secrete mucus)
    • Brush cells (columnar cell type with microvilli, "chemosensory receptors")
    • Small granule cells (Kulchitsky cells, part of "diffuse neuroendocrine" system)
    • Basal cells (mitotically active stem and progenitor cells)
  • Olfactory epithelium

    • Olfactory chemoreceptors for the sense of smell is located
    • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with 3 major cell types: olfactory neurons, supporting cells, basal cells
  • Lungs and pleura

    • Parietal pleura (around each lung)
    • Visceral pleura (directly on lung)
    • Pleural cavity (slit-like potential space filled with pleural fluid)
  • Ventilation (Breathing)

    1. Inspiration (inhalation - air in)
    2. Expiration (exhalation - air out)
    3. Mechanical forces cause the movement of air (gases always flow from higher pressure to lower, making the volume of the thorax larger decreases the pressure inside it)
  • Muscles of inspiration

    • Diaphragm (flattens as it contracts, increasing the height of the thoracic cavity)
    • External intercostal muscles (contract to raise the ribs, increasing the circumference of the thoracic cavity)
  • Peripheral chemoreceptors regulating respiration
    • Aortic bodies (on aorta, send sensory info to medulla through vagus nerve)
    • Carotid bodies (at fork of common carotid artery, send info mainly through glossopharyngeal nerve)
  • Components of the upper respiratory tract
    • Nasal cavities
    • Pharynx
  • Functions of the upper respiratory tract
    • Passageway for respiration
    • Receptors for smell
    • Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign material
    • Moistens and warms incoming air
    • Resonating chambers for voice
  • Components of the lower respiratory tract
    • Larynx
    • Trachea
    • Bronchi
    • Lungs
  • Functions of the lower respiratory tract
    • Larynx (maintains an open airway, routes food and air appropriately, assists in sound production)
    • Trachea (transports air to and from lungs)
    • Bronchi (branch into lungs)
    • Lungs (transport air to alveoli for gas exchange)
  • Malfunctions & diseases of the respiratory system
    • Asthma (severe allergic reaction characterized by the constriction of bronchioles)
    • Bronchitis (inflammation of the lining of the bronchioles)
    • Emphysema (condition in which the alveoli deteriorate, causing the lungs to lose their elasticity)
    • Pneumonia (condition in which the alveoli become filled with fluid, preventing the exchange of gases)
    • Lung cancer (irregular & uncontrolled growth of tumors in the lung tissue)
  • Four respiration processes

    • Breathing (ventilation - air in to and out of lungs)
    • External respiration (gas exchange between air and blood)
    • Internal respiration (gas exchange between blood and tissues)
    • Cellular respiration (oxygen use to produce ATP, carbon dioxide as waste)
  • The exhaling rate is faster in kids than in adults
  • The trachea is made out of cartilage shaped rings
  • The fastest recorded "sneeze speed" is 165 km per hour
  • It is healthier to breathe through your nose than your mouth, because your nose hairs and mucus clean the air
  • Human Respiration

    The human respiratory system allows one to obtain oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide
  • Breathing

    1. Inspiration (the process of taking in air)
    2. Expiration (the process of blowing out air)
  • Functions of the respiratory system
    • Provides for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the blood
    • Pulmonary ventilation (air moves in and out of lungs, continuous replacement of gases in alveoli)
    • External respiration (gas exchange between blood and air at alveoli)
    • Transport of respiratory gases between the lungs and the cells of the body
    • Internal respiration (gas exchange in capillaries between blood and tissue cells)
  • Organs in the respiratory system
    • Nose/nasal cavity (warms, moistens, & filters air as it is inhaled)
    • Pharynx (passageway for air, leads to trachea)
    • Larynx (the voice box, where vocal cords are located)
    • Trachea (keeps the windpipe "open", lined with cilia to filter air)
    • Bronchi (two branches at the end of the trachea, each lead to a lung)
    • Bronchioles (a network of smaller branches leading from the bronchi into the lung tissue & ultimately to air sacs)
    • Alveoli (the functional respiratory units in the lung where gases are exchanged)
  • Two divisions of the respiratory system
    • Upper respiratory tract (nasal cavities, pharynx - the section that takes air in and lets it out)
    • Lower respiratory tract (larynx, trachea and lungs)
  • Two components of the respiratory system
    • Conducting portion (cleans and humidifies the inspired air and provides a conduit through which air moves to and from the lungs)
    • Respiratory portion (main function of gas exchange)
  • Nasal cavities

    • Vestibules (create turbulence in inspired air)
    • Nares (nostrils, with sweat glands and coarse moist vibrissae to filter some material from inspired air)
    • Respiratory epithelium (covers the middle and inferior conchae)
    • Olfactory epithelium (sense of smell are located, a specialized region of the mucous membrane covering the superior conchae at the roof of the nasal cavity)
  • Types of respiratory epithelium
    • Ciliated columnar cells (most abundant, with 250-300 cilia on its apical surface)
    • Goblet cells (numerous, secrete mucus)
    • Brush cells (columnar cell type with microvilli, "chemosensory receptors")
    • Small granule cells (Kulchitsky cells, part of "diffuse neuroendocrine" system)
    • Basal cells (mitotically active stem and progenitor cells)
  • Olfactory epithelium

    • Olfactory chemoreceptors for the sense of smell is located
    • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with 3 major cell types: olfactory neurons, supporting cells, basal cells
  • Lungs and pleura

    • Parietal pleura (around each lung)
    • Visceral pleura (directly on lung)
    • Pleural cavity (slit-like potential space filled with pleural fluid)
  • Ventilation (Breathing)

    1. Inspiration (inhalation - air in)
    2. Expiration (exhalation - air out)
    3. Mechanical forces cause the movement of air (gases always flow from higher pressure to lower, making the volume of the thorax larger decreases the pressure inside it)
  • Muscles of inspiration

    • Diaphragm (flattens as it contracts, increasing the height of the thoracic cavity)
    • External intercostal muscles (contract to raise the ribs, increasing the circumference of the thoracic cavity)
  • Peripheral chemoreceptors regulating respiration
    • Aortic bodies (on aorta, send sensory info to medulla through vagus nerve)
    • Carotid bodies (at fork of common carotid artery, send info mainly through glossopharyngeal nerve)
  • Components of the upper respiratory tract
    • Nasal cavities
    • Pharynx
  • Functions of the upper respiratory tract
    • Passageway for respiration
    • Receptors for smell
    • Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign material
    • Moistens and warms incoming air
    • Resonating chambers for voice
  • Components of the lower respiratory tract
    • Larynx
    • Trachea
    • Bronchi
    • Lungs
  • Functions of the lower respiratory tract
    • Larynx (maintains an open airway, routes food and air appropriately, assists in sound production)
    • Trachea (transports air to and from lungs)
    • Bronchi (branch into lungs)
    • Lungs (transport air to alveoli for gas exchange)