english 1st-4th

• Primary


  Authentic, original, raw data (e.g: interviews, diary, birth certs, etc.)
• Secondary


  Evidence evaluation, analyzed primary data (e.g. biography, textbooks, critiques, history, contemporary, etc.)
• Tertiary


  Collection of primary data and secondary data (e.g. encyclopedia, bibliography, abstract, indexes, database, chronology, dictionary, guidebooks, etc.)
• Characteristics of Information Sources

  • Accuracy: reliable, high quality
  • Completeness: WH questions
  • Timeliness
  • Consistency
  • Relevant
  • Uniqueness
• Strategies to get information

  • Know what you're reading & why
  • Identify key information
  • Increase understanding
  • Recall & review the text
  • Control reading environment
• Textual Aids


  Written texts that help us in understanding the text and to enhance our learning
• Purpose of Textual Aids

  • Visual or spatial format (major text)
  • Overview important information
  • Relationships of text elements
  • Summary/summarization of main points
  • Visual Variety
• Linear


  Traditional text, Chronological, one reading path, Printed text (novels, letters, articles, etc.)
• Non-linear


  Non-chronological, Multiple reading path, Digital text (flowcharts, knowledge maps, encyclopedias)
• Types of non-linear


  • Cause and effect: fishbone/ishikawa
  • Flow chart
  • Venn diagram
  • Graphic organizer: hamburger method
• Transcoding


  • Read & get main idea
  • Extract information
  • Remember the keywords and phrases
  • Classify information into categories
  • Correct non-linear text
• Characters


  Actors or movers
• Characterization


  Writer's tool, writer's way of revealing the personality of characters
• Direct Characterization


  More on descriptions and adjectives
• Indirect Characterization


  Actions/verb, talks about the character's appearance, dialogue, thoughts, etc.
• Types of Characters


  • Protagonist: main character
  • Antagonist: character that blocks the protagonist from achieving their goals
• Plot


  Arrangement of events
• Elements of Plot


  • Exposition
  • Rising action [conflict: external & internal]
  • Climax
  • Falling action
  • Resolution
• Classification of plots


  • Linear: dramatic, progressive
  • Non linear: multiple plot lines/timelines
• Types of non-linear plot

  • Episodic: loosely related incidents
  • Parallel: dramatic plots with one climax
  • Foreshadowing: hints, images
  • Flashback & flashforward: past & future
• Settings


  • Place
  • Time
  • Weather condition
  • Social condition
  • Mood or atmosphere
• Images


  Words or phrases that call forth a response from our senses
• Author's purpose


  • To persuade
  • To inform
  • To entertain
• Effectiveness


  Achieve desired result
• Accessibility


  Easy to find, obtain and use
• Accessibility types


  • Text Accessibility: arrangement of words
  • Image Accessibility: additional information about the texts/concepts
  • Audio Accessibility: by listening skills
  • Video Accessibility: By listening and viewing skills
• Analytical Listening


  Active or critical
• Analytical Listening strategies


  • Withhold judgement
  • Talk and interrupt less
  • Ask questions
  • Paraphrase
  • Attend non-verbal cues
  • Take notes
  • Analyze evidence
  • Examine emotional appeals
• Stages of listening


  • Receiving: actual hearing process
  • Understanding: generating
  • Evaluating: listener & speaker means
  • Responding: listener provide verbal or non-verbal feedback
  • Remembering: listener to integrate
• Listening process


  • WH - Questions
  • Define problem
  • Evaluate & select an alt
  • Implement & follow-up solutions
• Evaluation


  Systematic determination of worth & significance using criteria
• Judgment


  Considered decisions and come to conclusions, opinion thru careful weighing of evidence
• Indicators in Evaluating Text

  • Context: idea
  • Cohesion: connection of words
  • Grammar
  • Fluency
  • Accuracy: freedom from mistake or error
• Research


  A systematic investigation and a study of materials and sources to establish facts and reach new conclusions
• Parts of Research


  • Chapter 1: Research Problem and Its Background
  • Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
  • Chapter 3: Research Methodology
  • Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation
  • Chapter 5: Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations
• Literary Text Types


  • Descriptive
  • Narrative
  • Expository
  • Persuasive
  • Argumentative
• Literary Devices


  • Figures of Speech
  • Idiom
  • Jargon
  • Colloquial
  • Slang
• Advocacy


  Involves actions that lead to a selected goal, active promotion of a cause or principle
• Literal language


  Means exactly what it says, does not use figures of speech, uses the actual meaning of words or phrases in their exact sense
• Figurative language


  Indirect, connotative or goes beyond its literal meaning