1.2

Cards (18)

  • Aerobic respiration

    glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)
  • Anaerobic respiration 

    glucose --> lactic acid + energy
  • Why does anaerobic respiration produce less ATP than aerobic respiration?

    glucose is not fully broken down due to oxygen deprivation, making it less efficient
  • What is respiration
    a series of enzyme controlled reactions
    aerobic - when oxygen is available
    anaerobic - oxygen is not available
  • Oxygen debt
    anaerobic respiration builds up oxygen debt which has to be repaid after exercise, the amount of oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen needed to remove lactic acid

  • A - nasal cavity
    B - mouth
    C - trachea
    D - bronchus
    E - bronchiole
    F - alveoli
    G - rib
    H - intercoastal muscles
    I - diaphragm
  • Inspiration
    1 - intercoastal muscles contract
    2 - ribs move up and out
    3 - diaphragm flattens and contracts
    4 - volume of thorax increases, pressure decreases
    5 - air is sucked in
  • Expiration
    1 - intercoastal muscles relax
    2 - ribs move down and in
    3 - diaphragm relaxes and domes up
    4 - volume of thorax decreases, pressure inside increases
    5 - pressure inside higher than outside so air forced out through trachea
  • Smoking
    cilia are paralysed by tobacco smoke, so mucus sinks into lungs, and is a major contributory factor to lung cancer, the destruction of lung tissue leads to emphysema
  • Tobacco
    contains:
    carcinogens - causes cancer
    tar - sticky, clogs bronchioles + alveoli
    nicotine - addictive, directly damages lungs
    carbon monoxide - makes it difficult for red blood cells to carry oxygen
  • Gas exchange
    occurs at the alveoli, oxygen diffuses through the membrane
  • Features of the alveoli
    moist lining - dissolves oxygen
    thin walls - short diffusion pathway
    rich blood supply - blood vessels take absorbed oxygen away
  • Trachea
    windpipe with rings of cartridge
  • Bronchiole
    small airways connected to bronchus and alveoli
  • Alveoli
    air sacks conected to bronchioles, where O2 enters blood stream and CO2 is removed through diffusion
  • Pea test

    peas are left inside a thermos flask to reduce heat loss
    normal peas - respire, release heat ( 20°c -> 25°c )
    boiled peas - enzymes denature, bacteria respires ( 20°c -> 22°c )
    boiled and disinfected peas - bacteria is killed, no respiration and therefore no temperature increase ( 20°c -> 20°c )
  • Emphysema
    caused by alveolar walls breaking down
    reduces surface area for gas exchange
    patient would struggle to get enough oxygen for normal activities
  • Cilia
    goblet cells produce mucus which traps bacteria and particles
    ciliated epithelial cells line airway
    cilia beats and moves mucus up the trachea to swallow