cell biology

• Nucleus

  Part of a cell
• Plant

  • Contain a nucleus, vacuole, chloroplasts, cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and mitochondria
• Animal cells


  • Do not have a cell wall, chloroplasts, or vacuole
• Genetic material


  Found in the nucleus, can be single-stranded DNA or stored in plasmids
• Mitochondria


  Where respiration occurs
• Vacuole


  Stores water, food, and other substances
• Cytoplasm


  Where chemical reactions take place
• Ribosomes


  Help synthesise proteins in the cytoplasm
• Sperm cells


  • Specialised with a streamlined head, mitochondria, and flagellum
• Osmosis


  The movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a partially permeable membrane
• Some religions argue that embryos are human life and should not be destroyed
• Nerve cells

  • Myelin sheath, axon, dendrites, synapses
• Active transport


  Movement of substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, requires energy
• Aging


  Lots of damage/deterioration
• Muscle cells


  • Contract and relax, have many mitochondria
• Cell membrane


  Controls substances going in and out of the cell
• Chloroplasts


  Where photosynthesis occurs
• Stem cell therapy


  1. Stem cells extracted and inserted into the organism

  2. The cells then become specialised through differentiation
• DNA


  Located in the nucleus, males and females have different chromosomes, come in pairs
• Diffusion


  Movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
• Cell wall


  Provides support and structure to plant cells
• Mitosis


  Cell division where the cell duplicates, then splits into two identical daughter cells
• Stem cells


  Unspecialised cells that can differentiate into specialised cell types