Paper 1

• Physical properties

  • soft
  • low density
  • low melting point
  • malleable
  • shiny (freshly cut)
• chemical properties

  • reacts with water to form alkaline solution
  • stored in oil to prevent reacting with moisture in air
• reactivity trends

  • size of atom increases down the group
  • outermost electron further from the nucleus
  • easier to lose outer electrons to form 1+ ion
• physical properties of group 7

  • boiling point increases down the group
  • has larger molecules
  • stronger intermolecular forces
• reactivity trend of group 7

  • size of atom increases down the group
  • distance form nucleus to outer shell increases
  • harder to gain electrons to form 1- ion
• Newlands

  • newlands arranged elements into rows of seven in order of atomic mass
  • every 8th element had similar properties
• Mendeleev

  • he reordered some elements
  • he left gaps which helped him predict undiscovered element
• modern

  • element are ordered by atomic number
  • noble gases were recently added due to being inert and colourless
• properties of iconic compounds

  • giant regular lattice e.g. NaCl
  • does not conduct electricity
  • fixed positions ions don't move
  • high melting and boiling points
  • requires energy to overcome strong attraction
  • does conduct electricity
• simple molecular

  • low melting and boiling points
  • weak intermolecular forces
  • does no conduct electricity because there are no free electrons
• graphene

  • is one layer of graphite
  • contains delocalised electrons
• fullerenes

  • transport drugs around the body
  • high surface area ratio used as catalysts
  • can be used as lubricant because they can roll
• metallic bonding

  • positive ions and delocalised electrons
  • which carry allowing to conduct electricity
  • attraction requires a lot of energy to overcome
  • this gives high melting/ boiling point
  • metal ions are arranged in layers
• REQUIRED PRACTICAL: making salts

  • react insoluble base with acid to form soluble salt
  • keep addling base to make sure all the acids react
  • filter to remove the excess base
  • pour solution into evaporating dish, heat and stir
  • leave to cool at room temperature to form crystals