B2 - The structure, function and disorders of cardiovascular

• Two long terms effects of hypertension

  • damage to the blood vessels which can lead to an increased chance Of a heart attack
  • increased chance of stroke Of blood vessels in the brain is affected
• Describe Pulmonary Circulation

  • Takes blood to the lungs to allow for gas exchange
  • Returns blood from the lungs to the heart
• Describe Systemic Circulation

  • takes blood to the body, to deliver oxygen for respiration
  • returns blood to the heart from the body
• Two Symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease

  • Chest pain - due to blocked arteries
  • Heart attack - heart muscles stops working
• Describe how the structure of blood enables it to carry out its function

  • Red blood cells contain haemglobin -increases the amount oxygen they can
• Discuss how the cardiovascular system enables effective oxygenation of the issues

  As arteries have muscular walls (1) this can ensure efficient delivery of providing oxygenation to tissues (1) 

  Control of the heart rate (1) by the endocrine system (1) 

  Veins contain valves (1) which prevent the backflow of blood therefore returns blood for re-oxygenation (1) 

  Capillary beds (1) mean efficient diffusion of O2 (1) 
• Describe how the cardiac cycle is controlled

  • The cardiac cycle is one complete 'heartbeat' when the ventricles and atria have all contracted
  • Cardiac muscle is auto- rhythmtic
  • The nerves control the speed it beats
  • The cardiovascular centre in the brain sends messages to the brain
  • The parasympathetic system sends messages to slow the heart rate down
  • The brain detects changes in blood pressure and carbon dioxide levels
• Functions of blood

  • contain lymphocytes that enable the immune response
  • transports nutrients for energy
• Explain how the heart rate is regulated

  The autoimmune nervous system coordinates the regulation

  Sympathetic nervous system speeds up the heart rate

  Parasympathetic slows down heart rate
• Structure of Capillaries

  • one cell thick to allow diffusion
  • small lumen so surface area to volume ratio is high
• Structure of Veins

  • Valves to prevent backflow
  • Large lumen -increase the volume
• Effects of coronary heart disease on body systems

  • caused by a build up of fatty deposits in the arteries leading to atherosclerosis
  • Breathlessness - due to low oxygen levels is a common effect on the respiratory system
  • Complete blockage of the arteries can cause a heart attack, this damage the heart muscle
  • Heart attack reduces oxygen levels to
• Role of Heart

  • Pumps blood through the circulatory system at a high pressure
  • Maintains blood pressure in the body
• Structure of Capillaries

  • One cell thick, to allow diffusion
  • Small lumen, to the SA:V ratio is high
• Structure of Veins

  • Valves, to prevent the backflow of blood
  • Large lumen, to increase the volume
• Structure of Arteries

  • Small Lumen,
  • Muscular Walls, withstand high blood pressure
• Structure of Arterioles 


  ..
• Structure of Venules


  ..
• Function of Capillaries


  • transports haemaglobin, to the rest of the body/ heart
• Function of Left Ventricle

  • Pumps oxygenated blood
  • Sends to the body
• Function of Right Ventricle


  • Pumps deoxygenated blood
  • To the lungs through the pulmonary valve
• Function of Left Atrium


  ..
• Function of Right Atrium

  • Pumps deoxygenated blood
  • To the right ventricle
• Effects of cardiovascular disease on body

  • CHD is caused by the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries leading to atherosclerosis
  • Symptom; Angina and heart pain caused by a blockage of coronary arteries
  • Breathlessness - due to low oxygen levels
  • Complete blockage of arteries, causing heart attack.
  • Heart attack reduces oxygen levels to all body systems
• How strokes affect body systems

  • A stroke is a reduction of blood to the brain
  • Caused by a blood clot
  • That affects the speech centres
  • leading to inability to speak
• Cardiac Cycle

  • Atrial systole - Atria contracts, squeezes blood into the ventricle
  • Ventricular systole - Ventricles contract, pushes blood into the arteries
  • Cardiac Diastole - Atria and Ventricle relax. Atrium gets filled with blood from the veins
• Anaemia

  • a general term for few red blood cells or reduced haemoglobin.
  • Tiredness, lack of energy
  • Shortness of breath
  • Pale skin
  • Noticeable heartbeats