3. Population and Migration

• Expansive Pyramids


  • Traditional pyramid-like shape with a broad base and narrow top
  • Reflect a population with high birth and death rates
  • Common in developing countries
• Constrictive Pyramids


  • Narrow base (lower birth rate)
  • Thicker middle and top sections of the pyramid
  • Often occur in developed economies whose populations have low birth rates and long life expectancies
• Stationary Pyramids


  • Evenly distributed population across age groups
  • Often found in newly-developed countries which have stable birth and death rates
• Migration


  The movement of people away from their place of usual residence, either across an international border or within a country to a new residence
• Migrant categories

  • Family
  • Free movements
  • Work
  • Humanitarian
  • Accompanying family or workers
  • Other
• IOM

  • International Organization for Migration
  • Leading intergovernmental organization in the field of migration
  • Established in 1952
  • Part of the United Nations system
• OECC

  • Organisation for European Economic Co-operation
  • Transformed into the OECD in 1960
• OECD

  Advises governments on policies that support resilient, inclusive and sustainable growth
• Push and pull factors

  • Pull factors (country of destination)
  • Push factors (domestic country)
• Demographic and Economic Causes

  • High wages
  • Better employment opportunities
  • Higher standard of living
  • Better educational opportunities
• Social and Political Factors

  • War
  • Conflict
• Environmental and Climate Migration

  Natural disasters (Floods, Hurricanes, Earthquake)
• Categories of Migration

  • Internal
  • International
  • Forced
  • Voluntary
  • Temporary
  • Permanent
  • Regular
  • Irregular
• Internal migration (IM) types

  • Urbanization (from rural to urban areas)
  • Intra-rural movement
  • Inter-urban migration (e.g education , healthcare)
• Internal migrants

  Move within the borders of their country seeking a new temporary or permanent residence, regardless of the reasons to migrate
• Regular migration


  Occurs in compliance with the laws of the country of origin, transit and destination
• Irregular migration


  Movement of people that takes place outside the laws, regulations, or international agreements governing the entry into or exit from the country of origin, transit or destination
• Forced migration


  Due to war and conflict, political, religious reasons
• Voluntary migration


  Migration not forced by external circumstances
• Temporary migration


  Migrate for a limited period to take up employment (must leave the country at the end of that period)
• Permanent migration


  Migration on a permanent basis in the country
• Ravenstein's Laws of Migration (19th century)

  • Migrants move mainly over short distances; those going longer distances head for the great centres of industry and commerce
  • Most migration is from agricultural to industrial areas
  • Large towns grow more by migration than by natural increase
  • Migration increases along with development of industry, commerce and transport
  • Each migration stream produces a counterstream
  • Females are more migratory than males, at least over shorter distances; males are majority in international migration
  • The major causes of migration are economic
• International migrant

  Any person who has changed his or her country of residence