Final Paper 1 Recap

• Asocial Stage


  Babies in the first 6 weeks of life the baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers, those individuals find it easier to calm them. However, the baby's behaviour towards non-human objects and humans is quite similar
• Indiscriminate attachment


  From 2-7 months babies display more observable social behaviour. They show a preference for people rather than inanimate objects, and recognise and prefer familiar adults. At this stage babies usually accept cuddles and comfort from any adult, and they do not usually show separation or stranger anxiety. The attachment behaviour it is not different towards any one person
• Specific attachment


  From 7 months to 9 months, the majority of babies start to display anxiety towards strangers and become anxious when separated from one particular adult (the biological mother in 65% of cases). This adult is termed the primary attachment figure, but this person is not necessarily the person the child spends most time with (the feeder), but the one who offers the most interaction and responds to the baby's 'signals' with the most skill
• Multiple attachments


  From 10 months, babies start to show attachment behaviour to other adults with whom they regularly spend time with. These relationships are called secondary attachments. In Schaffer and Emerson's study, 29% of the children had secondary attachments within a month of forming a primary attachment. By the age of 1 year the majority of infants had developed many attachments
• • 56 % classified themselves as secure
  • 25 % as avoidant
  • 19 % as resistant.
  • Love experience and attitudes towards love (internal working model) were related to attachment type.
• Secure Relationship Love Experiences - Relationships are positive, less likely to be divorced
• Secure Adults View of Adult Relationships - Trust others and believe in

  enduring love
• Secure adults memories of mother-child relationship - Positive image of mother as dependable and caring
• Avoidant adults love experiences - Fearful of closeness.
• Avoidant adults views of adult relationships - Love is not durable nor necessary for happiness
• avoidant adults memories of mother-child relationship - remember mothers as cold and rejecting
• resistant adults love experiences - Preoccupied by love- it consumes you
• resistant adults views of adult relationships - Fall in love easily but have trouble finding true love
• resistant adults memories of mother-child relationships - Conflicting memories of mother being positive and rejecting
• Phobias behavioural symptoms


  Avoidance

  Panic
• Phobias emotional symptoms


  fear and anxiety
• Phobias cognitive symptoms


  irrational beliefs/cognitive distortions

  selective attention
• Depression behavioural symptoms


  reduced energy + activity levels

  disruption to sleep/eating behaviour

  aggression or self harm
• Depression emotional symptoms


  low mood

  anger

  low self esteem
• Depression cognitive symptoms


  Irrational absolute thinking

  Negative thoughts/attentional bias

  poor concentration
• OCD behavioural symptoms


  Compulsions

  Avoidance
• OCD emotional symptoms


  anxiety

  embarrassment
• OCD cognitive symptoms


  obsessions

  catastrophising
• Failure to Function Criteria

  • self care
  • understanding + communication
  • mobility
  • participation in society
  • maintain relationships
  • no distress
• Deviation from ideal mental health criteria

  • autonomy
  • integration
  • accurate perception of reality
  • mastery of environment
  • self actualisation
  • no distress
  • high self esteem
• Compliance involves simply going along with others in public, but privately you do not change your personal opinions/ attitudes or actions. It results is a surface change in behaviour only when in the presence of the group. 
• Identification happens when you genuinely admire or respect the people within a group and so you conform/ imitate their beliefs and behaviours whilst with them. Here you see people change their behaviour publicly and their private beliefs, but only when in the presence of that group. This type is a mix of compliance and internalisation, but the resulting behaviours are short lived, it doesn’t lead to a permanent change. 
• When an individual is exposed to the views of a group, they are forced to examine their own beliefs. Internalisation happens when a person genuinely accepts the opinions/ actions of the group, which leads to public and private acceptance of the group’s beliefs. This means that a permanent change in opinions/ beliefs or actions will be seen. 
• Smashed -41

  Collided - 39

  Bumped - 38

  Hit - 34

  Contacted - 32
• Declarative/ Explicit memory involves conscious recollection. Non- declarative/ implicit memory doesn't require conscious effort to recall
• • SECURE attachment was the most common in all 8 countries. Although there was a range from 75% in the UK to 50% in CHINA
• • AVOIDANT attachment was the next most common in all countries, averaging 21%. Except in GERMANY whose percentage was 35% - CONSIDERABLY HIGHER!
• • RESISTANT attachment was the least common style in all countries, averaging 14%. Except in Israel where it was 29% and in China 25%- CONSIDERABLY HIGHER!
• Those adopted at 6 months had an IQ of 102, compared to those adopted between 6 months and 2 years who had an IQ of 86 and it was 77 for those adopted after 2 years. These differences remained at age 15 when they were tested for the final time.