animals

• cardiac cycle sounds like: systole diastole ventricular filling ventricular ejection
• cardiac cycle start with sinoatrial node (signals the contraction) atrial systole, atrial contraction, atrial diastole, ventricular systole, ventricular contraction, ventricular diastole
• diastole and systole five steps: relaxation of the heart, contraction of the heart, filling of the heart, contraction of the heart, relaxation of the heart
• diastoles: the widening of the chambers of the heart between two contractions when the chambers fill with blood
• systole: the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries.
• changes in the heart during the cycle: relaxation of the atria, contraction of the atria, relaxation of the ventricles, contraction of the ventricles
• function of the circulatory system: transport of oxygen and nutrients from the lungs to the cells of the body
• arteries: thick muscular walls, elastic fibres, carry blood away from heart
• mechanical digestion is the breakdown of food into smaller pieces by chewing and grinding
• chemical digestion is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules by chemical reactions (acid and enzymes)
• functions of the liver: detoxification, synthesis of proteins, synthesis of bile, storage of glycogen
• layers of the stomach and their purpose: mucosa, muscularis, serosa
• mucosa: a mucous membrane
• submucosa: the layer of areolar connective tissue lying beneath a mucous membrane.
• muscularis: The smooth muscle of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract and other tubular or hollow organs; a layer of such muscle; the tunica media of a muscular artery. More fully "muscularis externa", "muscularis propria".
• serosa: the tissue of a serous membrane
• the layers of the small intestine from outside to inside: serosa, submucosa, muscularis, mucosa
• serous membrane is a thin layer of fluid that covers the surface of the body and lines the body cavities
• lung diagram

  A) thyroid cartelige

  B) cricoid cartilege

  C) trachea

  D) left primary broncus

  E) upper lobe bronchus

  F) lower lobe bronchus

  G) upper lobe

  H) notch for heart

  
• heart diagram

  A) right ventricle

  B) septum wall

  C) left venticle

  D) aortic valve

  E) mitral valve

  F) left atrium

  G) pulmonary vein

  H) pulmonary artery

  I) aorta

  J) pulmonary vein

  K) right atrium

  L) pulmonary valve

  
• digestive system

  A) rectum

  B) anus

  C) stomach

  D) esophagus

  E) salivary glands

  F) pharynx

  G) mouth

  H) teeth

  I) tounge

  J) epiglottis

  K) gallbladder

  L) liver

  M) pancreas

  N) large intestine

  O) small intestine

  P) appendix

  
• parts of the gastrointesinal tract: esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine
• lungs

  A) alveoli

  B) diapragm

  C) intercostal muscles

  D) bronchioles

  E) larynx

  F) trachea

  
• the soft palates purpose is to prevent food from entering the larynx
• soft palate raises to stop food from entering the nasal passages
• the epiglottis covers the trachea and prevents food from entering the trachea
• peristalsis: the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wave-like movements that push the contents of the canal forward.
• sphincters are muscles that control the passage of food and liquid through the digestive tract
• types of nutrients are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals
• subtypes of nutrients are macronutrients and micronutrients
• mono, di and polysacchard are all carbohydrates
• saturated and unsaturated lipids
• fat water-soluble vitamins
• reaction to decreased blood pH: increase in blood pressure and heart rate in order to increase blood flow to the organs and maintain blood pH
• diaphragm: a dome-shaped muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen in mammals. It plays a major role in breathing, as its contraction increases the volume of the thorax and so inflates the lungs.
• external intercostal muscles: 12 pairs of muscles that move the ribs up and down
• internal intercostal muscles are the muscles that move the ribs up and down
• pressure changes during ventilahation: increase in pressure in thorax, decrease in pressure in abdomen
• external: causing the rib cage to expand and move outward, and expanding the thoracic cavity and lung volume
• The internal intercostals pull down on the rib cage and push air out of the lungs