alternative to practical

• it's impossible to cover every aspect every every question asked in this um paper is slightly different than the previous topic if it's like on coast one year it'll be a slightly different focus on coastman previous year
• this video is split into several different chapters each chapter looking at um each part of the uh coursework mark schemes the introduction data collection data presentation data analysis evaluation conclusion
• you won't get an even split between those each of those is worth 12 marks you won't get an even split between those and every single paper some exam papers focus maybe on data presentation or data collection or you exploring the hypothesis whether or not you've proved or disproved this
• with paper forward since the coursework really the introduction uh draws on uh knowledge and skills learnt from paper one and two as long as you revise really well for people one and two the introduction questions shouldn't be too difficult
• data presentation is really straightforward as that tends to be looking at um completing graphs
• data analysis is you looking at the data deciding if you proved or disproved
• data collection and evaluation are the ones that uh is probably the knowledge that's specific to this paper you have to know how to collect certain data
• for example in the case of rivers how do you carry about how you look at velocity in the river the width and depth water pollution and you also need to be aware of common reliability issues
• i've looked at every paper going back to 2016 so i might have missed something else
• this video really gives you an overview of each of those methods again it requires you to practice
• Introduction style questions


  • Hypotheses
  • State how something will change along the river or over time
  • Compare two factors to find the relationship
  • Compare two factors to see which one is greater
• the hypothesis is based on what we call the bradshaw model the actual model shows how certain characteristics of the river will change as the river flows from its source to its mouth
• River characteristics that should increase from source to mouth


  • Width
  • Depth
  • Cross-sectional area
  • Velocity
  • Discharge
  • Wetted perimeter
• River characteristics that should decrease from source to mouth

  • Sediment size
  • Sediment shape
  • Gradient
• there are some nice questions here this is for three marks describe possible changes in the features of the ribbon it's valid downstream
• water pollution that you might not necessarily need to be aware of in depth for paper one paper too but you are expected to know it for this
• think about what could cause pollution fertilizers from farm could run off into the river industrial waste from factories
• if you're unsure and again i'll give you some points here why would tourists uh affect infiltration rates what infiltrations about water going into the soil loads of taurus they could flatten the soil harden it make it more impermeable
• Types of data


  • Primary
  • Secondary
• Primary data


  Data that you go out and collect yourself
• Secondary data


  Data that has been collected by somebody else
• Sampling techniques


  • Systematic sampling
  • Random sampling
  • Stratified sampling
  • Stratified random sampling
  • Stratified systematic sampling
• Sampling


  • Impossible to look at every point on a river, need to sample to make conclusions
  • Larger sample size is more accurate but need to consider time and resources
  • Need to avoid bias and select a representative sample
• if you were going to do a roof investigation you might sort of do something like stratified systematic sampling
• when you're selecting your science you do need to be aware of are those sites easily accessible and safe to work in and does the are they representative of the length of the river
• you might not be able to select a site every one kilometer but you would try to as much as possible yet in your evaluation you recognize that you weren't able to do one every kilometer because of the issues involved at those sites too dangerous water too deep etc
• Factors to consider when choosing fieldwork sites

  • Safety
  • Weather conditions
  • Hazards
  • Human influences
• you as students might not play a huge part in this this is mainly down to your teachers the people organizing the trip but you do need to be aware of risks and how you can manage them in this paper and when you go about collecting the data
• Common risks associated with river investigations

  • Too hot or cold
  • River tidal
  • Slipping
  • Drinking contaminated water
  • Getting lost
  • Unsafe access
• a lot of this is common sense
• Pilot study


  An investigation carried out before the main data collection to test if the full scale study can take place, check if sites are accessible and safe, and familiarise with the methods
• pilot studies help people to familiarize themselves with the for the method so when they're out and about they know exactly what they need to do they can so it makes it the more efficient on the day of data collection
• When analysing markets, a range of assumptions are made about the rationality of economic agents involved in the transactions
• The Wealth of Nations was written

  1776
• Rational


  (in classical economic theory) economic agents are able to consider the outcome of their choices and recognise the net benefits of each one
• Producers act rationally by


  Selling goods/services in a way that maximises their profits
• Workers act rationally by


  Balancing welfare at work with consideration of both pay and benefits
• Governments act rationally by


  Placing the interests of the people they serve first in order to maximise their welfare
• Rationality in classical economic theory is a flawed assumption as people usually don't act rationally
• A firm increases advertising

  Demand curve shifts right