RANDOM

• Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO)

  Fuel oil used primarily by the shipping industry due to its low cost compared with all other fuel oils, being up to 30% less expensive, as well as the historically lax regulatory requirements for emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) by the IMO
• Marine vessel fuels


  • Residual oils
  • Distillates (diesel, kerosene, naphtha, gas)
• Residual oils are often combined to various degrees with distillates to achieve desired properties for operational and/or environmental performance
• Corporations are always seeking the most efficient way to accomplish a task in order to maximize profits
• Due to their immense size, oil tankers provide an easy and inexpensive way to transport oil over long distances
• It only costs around two to four cents per gallon to transport oil using a typical tanker
• Fuel Oil System


  Designed to introduce fuel oil into the engine cylinders at the correct time, at correct pressure, at correct quantity and in correctly atomized form
• Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) composition

  88 wt% C, 10 wt% H, 1 wt% S, 0.5 wt% H2O, 0.1 wt% ash, and may contain dispersed solid or semisolid particles (asphaltenes, minerals and other leftovers from the oil source, metallic particles from the refinery equipment, and some dumped chemical wastes), plus some 0.5% water
• Definition of Heavy Grade Oil under MARPOL Annex 1

  • Crude oils having a density at 15ºC higher than 900 kg/m3
  • Fuel oils having either a density at 15ºC higher than 900 kg/ m3 or a kinematic viscosity at 50 C higher than 180 mm2/s
  • Bitumen, tar, and their emulsions
• Lube oil


  One of the essential elements for operating any kind of machinery on board ship, responsible for lubrication and cooling of the parts which are operating relative to each other, giving rise to frictional and other types of stresses on the machinery
• Typical marine cylinder lubricant

  Meets SAE 50 viscosity grade, required to provide a strong oil film between the cylinder liner and the piston rings
• Most common and required properties of lube oil for marine machinery

  • Alkalinity
  • Oxidation resistant
  • Load carrying capacity
  • Thermal conductivity
  • Detergency
  • Dispersency
  • High Flash Point
  • Low Demulsification Number
• Alkalinity of lube oil

  Important for controlling acidic corrosion in marine engines, especially for two-stroke engines where a separate grade of lube oil is used as cylinder oil and its alkalinity depends on the engine fuel grade (HFO or LSFO)
• Oxidation resistant


  Additives are added to lube oil to maintain oxidation resistance, as oxidation rates double for every 10°C increase in oil temperature above 85°C, leading to sludge formation, acid production and bearing corrosion
• Load carrying capacity


  Depends on the viscosity of the oil, must be enough to withstand the high pressure inside the marine engine
• Thermal conductivity


  Lube oil must have good thermal conductivity to carry away the heat generated by the internal engine parts in motion
• Detergency


  Obtained by adding metallic based additives to prevent build-up of deposits, especially important for two-stroke engine cylinder oil
• Dispersency


  Property that prevents impurities from mixing with the oil and keeps them suspended, making it easy to remove them in a separator or clarifier
• High Flash Point


  Minimum temperature at which the oil vaporizes to give an ignitable mixture of air, should be higher than 220°C for marine engine lube oils to avoid fire hazard
• Low Demulsification Number


  Helps in easy separation of water from the oil in the separator or settling tank
• Oil analysis


  A diagnostic, planned preventative maintenance (PPM) tool for monitoring and evaluating fuel and machinery operation conditions, to identify problems such as abnormal wear, lube oil degradation, contamination of harmful agents, etc. before expensive equipment and machinery failure
• Fuel Oil Analysis


  Testing to check if the fuel quality complies with what is promised from the supplier, including tests for sulphur content, density, viscosity, and compatibility
• Lube Oil Analysis


  Routine practice for evaluating oil contamination, oil health and machine health, including tests for ferrous wear particles, water content, total base number, and viscosity
• In statistics, random sampling involves selecting individuals from a population at random so that every member has an equal chance of being selected.
• Randomness can occur naturally, such as the movement of particles in a gas, or it can be generated artificially through random number generators.
• The term "random" is used to describe something that cannot be predicted or controlled.