education

• Globalisation of schools. All schools around the world competing for students. All schools in all countries in an educational market. Interconnectedness of schools around the world.
• Globalisation of Higher Education - Institutions increasingly run like businesses globally to thrive. Marketing to a global audience by setting up overseas branches. Students are commodities to be bought and sold.
• Multinational companies - priv companies increasingly involved in education. Edexcel owned by US educational publishing. However, Ball argues education is a commodity sold for profit at the expense of students.
• Migration of Students - Students studying in other countries. Increased Migration = Multicultural curriculum. Theory connection - Functionalist, new way of creating a diverse curriculum would aid in creation of social solidarity.
• What did Bernstein say about language?

  Middle class use the elaborated language code. Working class use the restricted language code.
• when was the tripartite system introduced?

  1944
• what did the tripartite system introduce?

  Grammar schools

  Technical schools

  Secondary modern
• Who introduced Marketisation?


  Conservative party
• What did Marketisation introduce?

  Ofsted reports

  Formula funding
• What is Parentocracy?


  Parents have more power where they choose to send their children
• How does Marketisation reproduce inequality?

  Cream - skimming

  Funding formula

  Disconnected local choosers
• What is cream-skimming?


  choosing students who perform the best, middle class
• what is funding formula?


  popular schools get the most funding, spiral of decline
• What are disconnected local choosers?


  parents who choose schools based on location, lack educational capital
• Cola-isation of schools - schools sponsorship through canteen food and vending machines
• globalisation of policy - Edexcel are a US company that the Uk have adopted, may adopt other countries policies or vice versa
• education is a commodity - bought and sold for profit
• Labelling


  Teachers were quicker to discipline black pupils for the same behaviour due to racialised expectations
• Streaming


  Teachers place black pupils in lower streams due to educational triage and being labelled as hopeless cases
• Teachers' stereotypes of black pupils' behaviour

  Places them in lower streams
• Asian pupils


  Teachers assume they have a poor grasp of English so speak to them in childish manners making them feel isolated and marginalised
• Pupil identities


  • Ideal (white middle class of normal sexuality)
  • Pathologised (Asian, deserving poor, asexual, achieve through own efforts not natural ability)
  • Demonised (black/white w/c pupils, hypersexual identity, peer led, culturally deprived)
• Pupil responses and subcultures

  • Rebellion ('black macho lads')
  • Conformist (avoid stereotypes)
  • Retreatist (isolated and disconnected)
  • Innovators (attracted by rebellions, ignore conformists)
• Types of teachers


  • Colour blind (assuming pupils are equal)
  • Liberal chauvinists (having low expectations of black pupils)
  • Overt racists (view black pupils as inferior)
• asian households mirror that of education, discipline is similar so asian students achieve better
• social solidarity - durkheim

  socialises into norms and values

  example - history crucial for loyalty
• focal socialising agency - Parsons

  students socialised into meritocracy. based on own efforts.
• role allocation - Davis + Moore

  identify subjects you're best at and find appropriate job.
• what does neo-liberalism say?

  education should be run like a business
• what does the new right say?

  create an educational market
• ideological state apparatus - Althusser

  maintains and legitimates class inequalities
• correspondence principle - Bowles and Gintis

  education mirrors the work place, taught through a HIDDEN curriculum.

  extrinsic satisfaction
• learning to labour - Paul Willis.

  Studied 12 white working class boys overtly, formed a counter-school subculture.