nervous system

• Kidney - Filter waste products and excess fluids from the blood,producing urine as a waste product
• Ureter – A tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder
• Urinary bladder – Collects and stores urine before it is expelledfrom the body.
• Cloaca - a common opening for the urinary, reproductive, and digestivesystems in some animals
• The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney
• The nephron includes the renal corpuscle proximal convolutedtubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
• Filtration – occurs in the renal corpuscle, bloo plasma leave glomerulus and enters Bowman space.
• Tubular Reabsorption – involves removing substances from the filtrate and placing them back into the blood.
• Secretion – involves taking substances from the blood at a nephron area other than the renal corpuscle and putting back into the nephron tubule
• FUNCTIONS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

  • Production of gametes
  • Fertilization
  • Development and nourishment of a new individual
  • Production of reproductive hormones
• Testis– a yellowish, elongated structure found at the ventral surface of each kidney. It produces sperm
• Corpora adiposa or fat bodies- these are areas in the body containing stored energy
• Vasa efferentia - passageway of sperm.
• Seminal vesicles- collects sperm prior to entry into the cloaca.
• Ovaries - paired lobulated, saccular organs on the ventral wallof the kidneys; young ovary appears as white and very muchfolded structure
• Oviducts -highly convoluted, white long tubes on each side of

  the ovary; transports the eggs from the ovary to the cloaca.
• FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM1.Receiving sensory input

  2.Integrating information

  3.Controlling muscles and glands

  4.Maintaining homeostasis

  5.Establishing and maintaining mental activity
• Pia mater: Innermost layer, a thin, delicate layer that adheres closely to the surface of the brain. It contains many blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the brain
• Dura mater: The outermost and thickest layer, a tough, fibrous membrane that surrounds and supports the brain. It is responsible for protecting the brain from external trauma and injury.
• Arachnoid matter is not present in frogs. The spacebetween the pia matter and dura mater is filled with CSF
• Cerebrum (Cerebral Hemispheres):• Controls the activities of olfactory, tactile and optic organs.• Coordinates the activities of the neuro-muscular mechanism of the body.• Seat of intelligence and voluntary control in higher animals
• Diencephalon:

  • Controls the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates.

  • Regulates genital functions.

  • digestive juices
• Optic lobes and optic thalami:

  • Concerned with the sensation of sight.

  • Control the movement of the eye muscles.
• Cerebellum:

  • Controls the mechanism of automatic

  movements.

  • Brings about coordination in movements of

  locomotion.

  • Regulates complex muscular movements of

  the body.
• Medulla oblongata:

  • Has nerve centers of all reflex functions.

  • Regulates functions of the body which are not

  directly under the control of the will, such as

  heart beating, respiration, swallowing, taste,

  hearing, sound production and secretions of

  various digestive juices.