Human reproduction

• Gamete


  Sex cell
• Scrotum


  Controls the temperature of the testes
• Sperm duct


  Carry sperm from the testes
• Urethra


  A tube in the penis
• Semen


  A mixture of sperm and seminal fluid
• Main function of the male reproductive system

  Produce sperm and release it into the female body so fertilisation can occur
• Sperm produced in


  testis
• Sperm


  Male gamete’s
• Ovary


  The location where eggs are made
• Uterus


  The location where the embryo will develop
• Main function of the female reproductive system

  Produce eggs + to provide a safe place for the embryo to grow and develop
• Puberty


  The time when sex organs mature and other physical + emotional changes take place
• Effects of puberty on boys

  • Shoulders broaden
  • Body muscle increases
  • Voice breaks
  • Production of sperm
  • Testes and penis grow in size
• Puberty occurs in boys aged

  14-15
• Vagina

  Sperm placed here by penis
• Cervix


  Sperm pass through to get to the uterus
• Fallopian tube


  The location where fertilisation occurs
• Average length of menstrual cycle

  28 days
• Age menstrual cycle begins

  12-13 years
• Age menstrual cycle finishes

  50 years
• Menopause


  The stage in a woman's life when the menstrual cycle finishes
• Sexual intercourse


  When the penis is erect and placed inside the female vagina
• Ejaculation


  The release of seminal fluid from the penis
• Fertilisation


  The union of a sperm and an egg
• Implantation


  When the zygote (fertilised egg) attaches to the lining of the uterus
• Substances passed from placenta to foetus

  • Glucose
  • Oxygen
• Substances removed from foetus by placenta

  • Urea
  • CO2
• Harmful substances that can pass from placenta to foetus

  • Alcohol
  • Nicotine
• Umbilical cord


  Connects the foetus at the belly button to the mother's placenta
• Normal pregnancy lasts 9 months/40 weeks
• Amniotic fluid


  The liquid that surrounds the baby in the womb
• Function of amniotic fluid

  • Protects the baby
• Substances passed from mother's blood to foetus

  • Oxygen
  • Nutrients
• Substances passed from foetus to mother's blood

  • Carbon dioxide
  • Waste
• Afterbirth


  Consists of the placenta and umbilical cord
• Advantages of breastfeeding

  • Provides food for the baby
• Substances found in breast milk

  • Carbohydrates
  • Protein
  • Minerals
  • Vitamins
  • Antibodies
  • Fats
• Contraception

  Used to prevent fertilisation and implantation
• Types of contraception


  • Mechanical (condoms, diaphragms)
  • Natural (avoiding sex during fertile period)
  • Chemical (birth control pills)
• Infertility


  When a couple is unable to get pregnant