clinical

• deviance - behaviors that differ from social norms
• Distress: Any behavior that is unpleasant and upsetting to a person causing emotional pain or anxiety.
• Dysfunction: This refers to a person’s inability to continue carrying out daily activities and includes any behaviour such as failure to complete tasks, trouble getting up or not socialising
• Danger: Careless, hostile, or hazardous behaviour that pose a threat to the safety of the individual. It can also be any behaviour produced by the person that may cause harm to others.
• Section F of ICD-10 groups disorders together based on the different types of symptoms that are present. represented by a code that starts with F for the section of ICD-10 that is being used and then a digit to represent the family it belongs to and a second digit to represent a specific disorder.
• F20 – F29: Schizophrenia, Schizotypal and Delusional disorders
• F50 – F59: Behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors; e.g. eating disorders
• Annex 1 covers disorders that are being researched but have not yet been classified as an actual disorder such as Seasonal Affective disorder or Narcissistic personality disorder
• Annex 2 looks at culture specific disorders, which are disorders that don’t easily fit any of the established categories.
• DSM section 1: is an introduction to DSM 5 and an explanation of how to use the manual.
• Section 2: lists the Diagnostic criteria and codes; this includes the 20 different categories under which disorders are listed with the criteria needed to diagnose them
• Section 3: Involves ways to evaluate patients such as cultural formulation, which uses the interview method to help clinicians to understand cultural backgrounds of their patients such as the different ways the cultures describe symptoms i
• Concurrent validity - extent to which the research gains similar results as other research that has been carried out at the same time
• Predictive validity – extent to which the research gains similar results to other research that has been carried out at a different time to look at if the results can be used to back each other up and so predict future outcomes
• Aetiological validity – the extent to which sufferers of a disorder have the same causal factors so for a patient to be diagnosed with a specific disorder, they should have the same symptoms as others with the same disorder
• oTest-retest reliability – can be assessed using Cohen’s Kappa which is a statistic that refers to the proportion of people who receive the same diagnosis when re-assessed at a later date. oInter-rater reliability – extent to which to the same diagnosis is given by different psychiatrists for the same patient
• Aim of Rosenhans study: To investigate life in a psychiatric hospital such as psychiatrist see behaviour as symptomatic of an underlying disorder affecting the validity of diagnosis
• Rosenhan Sample: Doctors and nurses who worked in 12 hospitals across 5 states. A range of hospitals were used old, new, good (patient to staff ratio) and bad (understaffed).
• • 8 pseudo patients (confederates), there were 3 women and 5 males (a psychology graduate, 3 psychologists, psychiatrist, paediatrician, housewife and a painter).
• they had been hearing voices 'empty', 'hollow', 'thud'. • The pseudo patients gave a false name and job, but all other details they gave were true including general ups and downs of life, relationships, and events of life history and so on
• • Once admitted the pseudo patients stopped producing symptoms and took part in all activities, behaved normally and answered all questions from staff honestly
• • 11 out of the 12 hospitals admitted one of the pseudo patients.
• • All were admitted with a diagnosis of schizophrenia except one who was diagnosed with manic depression with psychosis (DSM 2). None of the pseudo patients were detected and all were discharged with a diagnosis of being in remission.
• On average the remained in hospital for 19 days with the shortest being 7 to 52 days being the longest.
• 185 reasonable questions asked by the pseudo patients of the psychiatrists none were answered.
• pseudo patients were ignored 71% of the time by psychiatrists and 88% of the time by nurses. Eye contact was made only 23% of the time with verbal response in only 2% of cases by psychiatrists.
• • Different cultures have different attitudes to mental disorders, and this can affect how mental disorders are diagnosed. • Culture creates biases and problems for diagnosing mental health problems due to different belief systems and attitudes towards what is seen as normal or abnormal behaviour so cultural beliefs will affect how society defines what is abnormal.