P.E

• what are the five functions of the skeleton

  1. protection of vital organs

  2. muscle attachment

  3. joints for movement

  4. storing calcium and phosphorus

  5. red and white blood cell production
• example of when protection is needed In a sport

  the cranium protects the brain when getting hit in boxing
• muscle attachement 


  muscles attach to bones via tendons
• joints 


  joints are where 2 or more bones meet
• storing calcium and phosphorus

  - phosphorus helps reduce muscle pain after a workout

  - both found in milk, cheese and yoghurt

  - these minerals are vital for for maintaining strong bones
• red and white blood cell production

  - produced in the bone marrow
• what is ossification 


  - all bones start as cartilidge

  - the process of how they grow and are hardened is called ossification
• 4 types of bones

  1. long bones

  2. short bones

  3. irregular bones

  4. flat bones
• long bones 


  - longer then they are wide

  - they generate movement, strength and speed

  - e.g the femur and humerus
• short bones 


  - roughly the same size in length, width and thickness

  - used for weight bearing activities and shock absorbtion

  - e.g carpals and metacarpals
• irregular bones 


  - offer protection

  - key for muscle attachment

  - e.g vertebrae
• flat bones 


  - protect vital organs

  - large surface area for muscle attachment

  - e.g the cranium
• 5 vertebrae 


  - cervical

  - thoracic

  - lumbar

  - sacrum

  - cocyx
• 4 types of joints

  - pivot joint

  - hinge joint

  - ball and socket joint

  - condyloid joint
• pivot joint 


  - allows bones to rotate

  - one bone shaped like a cylinder rotates inside another bone

  - e.g the first two vertebrae
• hinge joint 


  - can only go backwards and forwards

  - e.g knee - tibia and the femur
• ball and socket joint

  - round head of a long bone fits into a cup-shaped hole

  - allow for long range of movement

  - e.g the hip - femur and the pelvis
• condyloid joint 


  - ball rests against the end of a bone, rather then inside the socket

  - allows for circular movement

  - e.g the wrist
• tendons 


  - attach muscle to bone

  - non elastic fibres
• ligaments 


  - attach bone to bone

  - elastic fibres

  - maintain joint stability
• different types of movement

  - flexion

  - extension

  - adduction

  - abduction

  - rotation

  - circumduction

  - dorsiflexion

  - plantarflexion
• flexion 


  bending movement htat decreases the angle between body parts - all joint provide it
• extension 


  straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts - all joints provide it
• adduction 


  movements towards the midline of the body - ball and socket joints provide it
• abduction 


  movement away from the midline of the body - ball and socket joints provide it
• rotation 


  movement around a pivot joint - ball and socket joints provide it
• circumduction 


  movement in a circular shape - ball and socket joints provide it
• dorsieflexion 


  bending the toes upwards, closer to the shin - ankle joints provide it
• plantarflexion 


  extending/pointing the toes down, away from the shin - ankle joints provide it
• types of muscle 


  - voluntary

  - involuntary

  - cardiac
• voluntary muscles 


  - are under your control - can choose when to contract or relax them

  - cylinderical fibres which are long and thin
• involuntary muscles 


  - not under your control

  - spindle shaped fibres

  - found in the digestive, circulatory and urinary systems
• cardiac muscle


  - only found in the walls of your heart

  - made up of interlaced fibres

  - cant control when it relaxes or contracts
• antagonistic muscle pairs 


  muscles that work together to create a movement, when one muscle contracts (agonist) the other muscle relaxes (antagonist) in order to create a movement - e.g triceps and biceps
• isotonic contraction 


  a muscle contracts and creates a movement e.g bicep curls
• isometric contraction 


  a muscle contracts with no resulting movement - e.g a plank
• muscle fibre types 


  - type I slow twitch

  - type IIa fast twitch

  - type IIx fast twitch
• type I slow twitch 


  - works anaerobially

  - low speed and force of contraction

  - fatigue resistent

  - darker in colour due to lots of myoglobin

  - suited to endurance activities
• type IIa fast twitch 


  - work anaerobically

  - high speed and force of contraction

  - less fatigue resistent

  - lighter in colour (pinkish)

  - good strength and speed endurance

  - suited to extended, high intenisity activities
• type IIx fast twitch


  - work anaerobically

  - very high speed and force of contraction

  - tire quickly

  - white fibres

  - suited to very high intensity activities