S1 exams

• sensory - from receptors to cns

  motor - from cns to effectors
• autonomic- involuntary

  somatic - voluntary
• sympathetic - fight or flight


  parasympathetic - rest and digest
• hind brain - brainstem (autonomic functions)

  • medulla - relays information between spinal cord and brain, regulates respiratory and cardiovascular system
  • cerebellum - controls fine and gross body movements. balance coordination, posture
• midbrain


  receives sensory information and send to forebrain

  reticular formation - helps maintain wakefulness and alertness and aids in regulating sleep wake cycle
• forebrain

  • hypothalamus - controls basic survival actions, sleep, body temp, emotions and release hormones from the pituitary glands
  • thalamus - receives all sensory information except smell and transmits information to cerebral cortex
• left side - math, logic, speaking, reading and writing, sequential task, speaking


  right side - detection and expression of emotions, daydreaming, recongition of face patterns
• frontal lobe -most complex mental behaviour. speech, planning, problem solving, memory

  • prefrontal cortex - coordinates executive functions like ability to predict consequences, make plans
  • primary motor cortex - controls movement of voluntary muscles
• parietal lobe perceives 3D shapes, space around body and sense of touch

  • Primary Sensory Cortex - Processes sensory information
• temporal lobe - receives auditory information and responsible for processing sense of smell and understanding speech and language

  • primary auditory cortex - registers auditory information
• occipital lobe - responsible for visual perception and processing visual information

  • primary visual cortex - processes visual information from eyes
• Brocas area - responsible for production of clear, articulated speech

  Wernicks area - responsible for understanding language and production of meaningful speech
• phineas gage

  • rod shot into his frontal lobe
  • survived but his personlity changed and speech became impaired
• roger sperry - split brain experiment

  • discovered hemispheres in human brain have different function's but are connected uy the corpus callosum
• Walter freeman - prefrontal lobotomy

  used ice picks to destroy neural tracks in the prefrontal cortex that were thought to give rise to mental illness
• electroencephalography (eeg)

  • electrodes are placed on scalp which detect and record electrical activity of neurons
  • interprets brain functioning using brain waves
  • non invasive and can diagnose seizures
• computer tomography (CT)

  • injected with contrast iodine that highlight blood vessels
  • shows difference between healthy and abnormal brain tissue
  • can show size of tumor, but can't be used for pregnant women
• Magnetic resonance imagery (MRI)

  • uses magnetic field to create 3D image of brain structure
  • no harmful radiations
  • measure size of tumour, but cant have magnetic metal on body(pacemaker)
• Functional magnetic resonance (FMRI)

  • uses magnets to create magnetic field
  • monitors blood flow and oxygen to reveal areas of brain activity and shows in dynamic pictures
  • can assess effects of stroke, but can't have magnetic metal on body(pacemaker)
• validity - degree to which a measurement tool evaluates what is it designed to measure

  reliability - degree to which a measurement tool produces consistency results
• contralaterla control - 1 side of the body is controlled by the opposite side of the brain. left side of brain controls right
• nervous system